Translated by James Legge.

訳者：井上秀天。

1

一章

The Tao that can be described is not the enduring and unchanging Tao. The name that can be named is not the enduring and unchanging name.
(Conceived of as) having no name, it is the Originator of heaven and earth; (conceived of as) having a name, it is the Mother of all things.
Always without desire we must be found,
If its deep mystery we would sound;
But if desire always within us be,
Its outer fringe is all that we shall see.
Under these two aspects, it is really the same; but as development takes place, it receives the different names. Together we call them the Mystery. Where the Mystery is the deepest is the gate of all that is subtle and wonderful.

道の道ふべきは常道にはあらず。名の名づくべきは常名にはあらず。無は天地の始めと名づくべく、有は萬物の母と名づくべきなり。故に、常無にして以てその妙を觀んと欲し、常有にして以てその徼を觀んと欲せよ。この兩者は同じきも、出でては名を異にするなり。同なるこれを玄と謂ふも、玄のまた玄にして、衆妙の門なり。

2

二章

All in the world know the beauty of the beautiful, and in doing this they have (the idea of) what ugliness is; they all know the skill of the skilful, and in doing this they have (the idea of) what the want of skill is.
So it is that existence and non-existence give birth the one to (the idea of) the other; that difficulty and ease produce the one (the idea of) the other; that length and shortness fashion out the one the figure of the other; that (the ideas of) height and lowness arise from the contrast of the one with the other; that the musical notes and tones become harmonious through the relation of one with another; and that being before and behind give the idea of one following another.
Therefore the sage manages affairs without doing anything, and conveys his instructions without the use of speech.
All things spring up, and there is not one which declines to show itself; they grow, and there is no claim made for their ownership; they go through their processes, and there is no expectation (of a reward for the results). The work is accomplished, and there is no resting in it (as an achievement).
The work is done, but how no one can see;
’Tis this that makes the power not cease to be.

天下はみな美の美たることを知るも、これ惡なるのみ。みな善の善たることを知るも、これ不善なるのみ。故に、有無は相生じ、難易は相成り、長短は相形はれ、高下は相傾き、音聲は相和し、前後は相隨ふなり。是を以て、聖人は無爲の事に處り、不言の敎を行ふ。萬物は作るも辭せず。生ずるも有せず。爲すも恃まず。功成るも居らず。それ惟居らず。是を以て去らざるなり。

3

三章

Not to value and employ men of superior ability is the way to keep the people from rivalry among themselves; not to prize articles which are difficult to procure is the way to keep them from becoming thieves; not to show them what is likely to excite their desires is the way to keep their minds from disorder.
Therefore the sage, in the exercise of his government, empties their minds, fills their bellies, weakens their wills, and strengthens their bones.
He constantly (tries to) keep them without knowledge and without desire, and where there are those who have knowledge, to keep them from presuming to act (on it). When there is this abstinence from action, good order is universal.

賢を尙ばざれば、民をして爭はざらしめ、得がたきの貨を貴ばざれば、民をして盗たらざらしめ、欲すべきを見さざれば、心をして亂れざらしむるなり。是を以て、聖人の治むるや、その心を虛にし、その腹を實にし、その志を弱にし、その骨を强にし、常に民をして知なく、欲なからしめ、かの知者をして敢てなさざらしむるなり。無爲をなさば治まらざるなし。

4

四章

The Tao is (like) the emptiness of a vessel; and in our employment of it we must be on our guard against all fulness. How deep and unfathomable it is, as if it were the Honoured Ancestor of all things!
We should blunt our sharp points, and unravel the complications of things; we should attemper our brightness, and bring ourselves into agreement with the obscurity of others. How pure and still the Tao is, as if it would ever so continue!
I do not know whose son it is. It might appear to have been before God.

道は冲にしてこれを用ふるも、或は盈ず。淵乎として万物の宗に似たり。その鋭を挫き、その紛を解き、その光を和げ、その塵に同うし、湛乎として或は存するに似たり。吾は誰の子たるかを知らず。帝の先に象たり。

5

五章

Heaven and earth do not act from (the impulse of) any wish to be benevolent; they deal with all things as the dogs of grass are dealt with. The sages do not act from (any wish to be) benevolent; they deal with the people as the dogs of grass are dealt with.
May not the space between heaven and earth be compared to a bellows?
’Tis emptied, yet it loses not its power;
’Tis moved again, and sends forth air the more.
Much speech to swift exhaustion lead we see;
Your inner being guard, and keep it free.

天地は不仁ならんや、萬物を以て芻狗となすほどに。聖人は不仁ならんや、百姓を以て芻狗となすほどに。天地の間は、それ猶ほ槖籥のごときか。虚にして屈せず。動けばいよいよ出づ。多言なればしばしば窮すれば、中を守るにはしかず。

6

六章

The valley spirit dies not, aye the same;
The female mystery thus do we name.
Its gate, from which at first they issued forth,
Is called the root from which grew heaven and earth.
Long and unbroken does its power remain,
Used gently, and without the touch of pain.

谷神は死せず。これを玄牝と謂ふ。玄牝の門、これを天地の根と謂ふ。綿綿として存するがごとくして、これを用ふるも勤れず。

7

七章

Heaven is long-enduring and earth continues long. The reason why heaven and earth are able to endure and continue thus long is because they do not live of, or for, themselves. This is how they are able to continue and endure.
Therefore the sage puts his own person last, and yet it is found in the foremost place; he treats his person as if it were foreign to him, and yet that person is preserved. Is it not because he has no personal and private ends, that therefore such ends are realised?

天は長く地は久し。天地のよく長く且つ久しき所以のものは、その自ら生ぜざるを以てなり。故によく長生す。是を以て、聖人はその身を後にするも而も身は先だち、その身を外にするも而も身の存するは、その無私なるを以てにあらずや。故に、よくその私をなすなり。

8

八章

The highest excellence is like (that of) water. The excellence of water appears in its benefiting all things, and in its occupying, without striving (to the contrary), the low place which all men dislike. Hence (its way) is near to (that of) the Tao.
The excellence of a residence is in (the suitability of) the place; that of the mind is in abysmal stillness; that of associations is in their being with the virtuous; that of government is in its securing good order; that of (the conduct of) affairs is in its ability; and that of (the initiation of) any movement is in its timeliness.
And when (one with the highest excellence) does not wrangle (about his low position), no one finds fault with him.

上善は水のごとし。水はよく万物を利して爭はず、衆人の悪む所に處る。故に道に幾し。居は善地、心は善淵、與すれば善仁、言へば善信、政は善治、事は善能、動けば善時なり。それたゞ爭はず、故に尤なし。

9

九章

It is better to leave a vessel unfilled, than to attempt to carry it when it is full. If you keep feeling a point that has been sharpened, the point cannot long preserve its sharpness.
When gold and jade fill the hall, their possessor cannot keep them safe. When wealth and honours lead to arrogancy, this brings its evil on itself. When the work is done, and one’s name is becoming distinguished, to withdraw into obscurity is the way of Heaven.

持してこれを盈たさんよりは、その已むにしかず。揣つてこれを銳くすれば、長く保つべからず。金玉堂に滿つるも、これを能く守ることなし。富貴にして驕れば、自からその咎を遺さん。功成り名遂げて身退くは、天の道なる載。

10

十章

When the intelligent and animal souls are held together in one embrace, they can be kept from separating. When one gives undivided attention to the (vital) breath, and brings it to the utmost degree of pliancy, he can become as a (tender) babe. When he has cleansed away the most mysterious sights (of his imagination), he can become without a flaw.
In loving the people and ruling the state, cannot he proceed without any (purpose of) action? In the opening and shutting of his gates of heaven, cannot he do so as a female bird? While his intelligence reaches in every direction, cannot he (appear to) be without knowledge?
(The Tao) produces (all things) and nourishes them; it produces them and does not claim them as its own; it does all, and yet does not boast of it; it presides over all, and yet does not control them. This is what is called “The mysterious Quality” (of the Tao).

營魄一を抱きて、よく離るゝことなからんか。気を専らにし柔を致して、よく嬰児の如くならんか。滌除玄覽して、よく疵なからんか。民を愛し国を治むるには、よく無爲なからんか。天門開闔して、よく雌たらんか。明白四達して、よく無知ならんか。これを生じこれを畜ふ。生ずるも有せず、爲すも恃まず。長ずるも宰せず。これを玄德と謂ふ。

11

十一章

The thirty spokes unite in the one nave; but it is on the empty space (for the axle), that the use of the wheel depends. Clay is fashioned into vessels; but it is on their empty hollowness, that their use depends. The door and windows are cut out (from the walls) to form an apartment; but it is on the empty space (within), that its use depends. Therefore, what has a (positive) existence serves for profitable adaptation, and what has not that for (actual) usefulness.

三十輻は一轂をともにす。その無なるに當つて、車の用あり。埴を埏して以て器をなす。その無なるに當つて、器の用あり。戸牖を鑿つて以て室となす。その無なるに當つて、室の用あり。故に、有の以て利たるは、無の以て用をなす（が故）なり。

12

十二章

Colour’s five hues from th’ eyes their sight will take;
Music’s five notes the ears as deaf can make;
The flavours five deprive the mouth of taste;
The chariot course, and the wild hunting waste
Make mad the mind; and objects rare and strange,
Sought for, men’s conduct will to evil change.
Therefore the sage seeks to satisfy (the craving of) the belly, and not the (insatiable longing of the) eyes. He puts from him the latter, and prefers to seek the former.

五色は人の目をして盲ならしめ、五音は人の耳をして聾ならしめ、五味は人の口をして爽ならしめ、馳騁田獵は、人の心をして發狂せしめ、得がたきの貨は、人の行をしてを妨はしむ。是を以て、聖人は腹をなして目をなさず。故に、彼を去りて此を取るなり。

13

十三章

Favour and disgrace would seem equally to be feared; honour and great calamity, to be regarded as personal conditions (of the same kind).
What is meant by speaking thus of favour and disgrace? Disgrace is being in a low position (after the enjoyment of favour). The getting that (favour) leads to the apprehension (of losing it), and the losing it leads to the fear of (still greater calamity):—this is what is meant by saying that favour and disgrace would seem equally to be feared.
And what is meant by saying that honour and great calamity are to be (similarly) regarded as personal conditions? What makes me liable to great calamity is my having the body (which I call myself); if I had not the body, what great calamity could come to me?
Therefore he who would administer the kingdom, honouring it as he honours his own person, may be employed to govern it, and he who would administer it with the love which he bears to his own person may be entrusted with it.

寵は辱なり驚くが如し。貴は大患なり身のごとし。何をか竈〔ママ〕は辱なり驚くがごとしと謂ふ。寵を上たり、辱を下たるも、これを得るに驚くがごとく、これを失ふにも驚くがごとし。これを寵は辱なり、驚くがごとしと謂ふ。何をか貴は大患なり身のごとしと謂ふ。吾に大患ある所以は、吾が身を有するがためなり。吾に身なきに及んで、吾に何の患かあらん。故に、貴ぶには身を以てして、天下を爲むる者には、則ち以て天下を寄すべし。愛するには身を以てして、天下を爲むる者には、則ち以て天下を託すべし。

14

十四章

We look at it, and we do not see it, and we name it the Equable.” We listen to it, and we do not hear it, and we name it “the Inaudible.” We try to grasp it, and do not get hold of it, and we name it “the Subtle.” With these three qualities, it cannot be made the subject of description; and hence we blend them together and obtain The One.
Its upper part is not bright, and its lower part is not obscure. Ceaseless in its action, it yet cannot be named, and then it again returns and becomes nothing. This is called the Form of the Formless, and the Semblance of the Invisible; this is called the Fleeting and Indeterminable.
We meet it and do not see its Front; we follow it, and do not see its Back. When we can lay hold of the Tao of old to direct the things of the present day, and are able to know it as it was of old in the beginning, this is called (unwinding) the clue of Tao.

これを視れども見えず、名づけて夷と曰ふ。これを聽けども聞えず、名づけて希と曰ふ。これを搏へんとするも得ず、名づけて微と曰ふ。その三つの者は、以て致詰すべからず。故に混じて一となす。その上は皦かならず。その下は昧からず。縄縄兮として名づくべからずして、無物に復歸す。これを無狀の狀、無物の象と謂ふ。これを惚恍と謂ふ。これを迎ふるもその首を見ず。これに隨ふもその後を見ず。古の道をとりて、以て今の有を御し、よく古始を知る。これを道紀と謂ふ。

15

十五章

The skilful masters (of the Tao) in old times, with a subtle and exquisite penetration, comprehended its mysteries, and were deep (also) so as to elude men’s knowledge. As they were thus beyond men’s knowledge, I will make an effort to describe of what sort they appeared to be.
Shrinking looked they like those who wade through a stream in winter; irresolute like those who are afraid of all around them; grave like a guest (in awe of his host); evanescent like ice that is melting away; unpretentious like wood that has not been fashioned into anything; vacant like a valley, and dull like muddy water.
Who can (make) the muddy water (clear)? Let it be still, and it will gradually become clear. Who can secure the condition of rest? Let movement go on, and the condition of rest will gradually arise.
They who preserve this method of the Tao do not wish to be full (of themselves). It is through their not being full of themselves that they can afford to seem worn and not appear new and complete.

古の善く士たる者は、微妙玄通、深くして識るべからず。それただ識るべからず。故に强ひてこれが容をなさば、豫兮として冬に川を渉るがごとく、猶兮として四隣を畏るゝがごとく、儼兮としてそれ客たるが如く、渙兮として冰のまさに釈けんとするがごとく、敦兮としてそれ樸のごとく、曠兮としてそれ谷の若く、混兮としてそれ濁るがごとし。孰かよく濁りて、以て静かにして徐に清からん。孰かよく安んじて、以て動きて徐に生ぜん。この道を保つ者は、盈つることを欲せず。それただ盈たず。故によく敝れて新たに成さず。

16

十六章

The (state of) vacancy should be brought to the utmost degree, and that of stillness guarded with unwearying vigour. All things alike go through their processes of activity, and (then) we see them return (to their original state). When things (in the vegetable world) have displayed their luxuriant growth, we see each of them return to its root. This returning to their root is what we call the state of stillness; and that stillness may be called a reporting that they have fulfilled their appointed end.
The report of that fulfilment is the regular, unchanging rule. To know that unchanging rule is to be intelligent; not to know it leads to wild movements and evil issues. The knowledge of that unchanging rule produces a (grand) capacity and forbearance, and that capacity and forbearance lead to a community (of feeling with all things). From this community of feeling comes a kingliness of character; and he who is king-like goes on to be heaven-like. In that likeness to heaven he possesses the Tao. Possessed of the Tao, he endures long; and to the end of his bodily life, is exempt from all danger of decay.

虛を致すこと極まり、靜を守ること篤ければ、萬物ならび作るも、吾は以て復を觀る。それ物は芸芸たるも、おのおのその根に歸す。根に歸するを靜と曰ひ、是を命に復すと謂ひ、命に復するを常と曰ひ、常を知るを明と曰ふ。常を知らざれば、妄作して凶なり。常を知れば容。容なれば乃ち公。公なれば乃ち王。王なれば乃ち天。天なれば乃ち道。道なれば乃ち久しくして、身を没するも殆からざるなり。

17

十七章

In the highest antiquity, (the people) did not know that there were (their rulers). In the next age they loved them and praised them. In the next they feared them; in the next they despised them. Thus it was that when faith (in the Tao) was deficient (in the rulers) a want of faith in them ensued (in the people).
How irresolute did those (earliest rulers) appear, showing (by their reticence) the importance which they set upon their words! Their work was done and their undertakings were successful, while the people all said, “We are as we are, of ourselves!”

太上には、下これあることを知らず。その次には、これに親しみこれを譽む。その次には、これを畏れ、その次には、これを侮る。故に、信足らざれば、信ぜざることあるなり。猶兮としてそれ言を貴びたり。功成り事遂げて、百姓皆我が自然なりと謂ふ。

18

十八章

When the Great Tao (Way or Method) ceased to be observed, benevolence and righteousness came into vogue. (Then) appeared wisdom and shrewdness, and there ensued great hypocrisy.
When harmony no longer prevailed throughout the six kinships, filial sons found their manifestation; when the states and clans fell into disorder, loyal ministers appeared.

大道󠄃廢れて、仁義あり。智慧󠄄出で、大僞あり。六親和せずして、孝慈あり。國家昏亂して、忠臣あるなり。

19

十九章

If we could renounce our sageness and discard our wisdom, it would be better for the people a hundredfold. If we could renounce our benevolence and discard our righteousness, the people would again become filial and kindly. If we could renounce our artful contrivances and discard our (scheming for) gain, there would be no thieves nor robbers.
Those three methods (of government)
Thought olden ways in elegance did fail
And made these names their want of worth to veil;
But simple views, and courses plain and true
Would selfish ends and many lusts eschew.

聖を絕ち智を棄つれば、民の利は百倍せん。仁を絕ち義を棄つれば、民は孝慈に復せん。巧を絕ち利を棄つれば、盜賊はあることなからん。この三の者は以爲に文のみにして未だ足らざるなり。故に屬する所あらしめよ。素を見はし樸を抱き、私を少なくし欲を寡なからしめよ。

20

二十章

When we renounce learning we have no troubles.
The (ready) “yes,” and (flattering) “yea;”—
Small is the difference they display.
But mark their issues, good and ill;—
What space the gulf between shall fill?
What all men fear is indeed to be feared; but how wide and without end is the range of questions (asking to be discussed)!
The multitude of men look satisfied and pleased; as if enjoying a full banquet, as if mounted on a tower in spring. I alone seem listless and still, my desires having as yet given no indication of their presence. I am like an infant which has not yet smiled. I look dejected and forlorn, as if I had no home to go to. The multitude of men all have enough and to spare. I alone seem to have lost everything. My mind is that of a stupid man; I am in a state of chaos.
Ordinary men look bright and intelligent, while I alone seem to be benighted. They look full of discrimination, while I alone am dull and confused. I seem to be carried about as on the sea, drifting as if I had nowhere to rest. All men have their spheres of action, while I alone seem dull and incapable, like a rude borderer. (Thus) I alone am different from other men, but I value the nursing-mother (the Tao).

學を絶たば憂なからん。唯と阿との、相去ることはいくばくぞ。善と悪と、相去ることはいかん。人の畏るる所は、畏れざるべからざるも、荒兮としてそれ未だ央らざるかな。衆人は熙熙として、太牢を享くるが如く、春臺に登るが如きも、我は獨り泊兮としてそれ未だ兆さず、嬰児の未だ孩せざるが如く、乘乘兮として帰する所なきがごとし。衆人はみな餘ありて、しかも我は獨り遺れたるがごときも、我は愚人の心ならんや。沌沌兮たるのみ。俗人はみな昭昭たるも、我は獨り昏きがごとし。俗人はみな察察たるも、我は獨り悶悶たり。澹兮として海のごとく、飂兮として止まる所なきがごとし。衆人はみな以することあるも、しかも我は獨り頑かつ鄙なり。我は人に異ならんことを欲して、而して食母を貴ぶなり。

21

二十一章

The grandest forms of active force
From Tao come, their only source.
Who can of Tao the nature tell?
Our sight it flies, our touch as well.
Eluding sight, eluding touch,
The forms of things all in it crouch;
Eluding touch, eluding sight,
There are their semblances, all right.
Profound it is, dark and obscure;
Things’ essences all there endure.
Those essences the truth enfold
Of what, when seen, shall then be told.
Now it is so; ’twas so of old.
Its name—what passes not away;
So, in their beautiful array,
Things form and never know decay.
How know I that it is so with all the beauties of existing things? By this (nature of the Tao).

孔德の容は、ただ道にこれ從ふなり。道の物たる、これ恍たりこれ惚たり。恍兮たり惚兮たるも、その中に象有り。恍兮たり惚兮たるも、その中に物有り。窈兮たり冥兮たるも、その中に精有り。その精甚だ眞にして、その中に信有り。古より今に及びて、その名は去らず。以て衆甫を閲ぶ。吾れなにを以て衆甫の然るを知れるや。これを以てなり。

22

二十二章

The partial becomes complete; the crooked, straight; the empty, full; the worn out, new. He whose (desires) are few gets them; he whose (desires) are many goes astray.
Therefore the sage holds in his embrace the one thing (of humility), and manifests it to all the world. He is free from self-display, and therefore he shines; from self-assertion, and therefore he is distinguished; from self-boasting, and therefore his merit is acknowledged; from self-complacency, and therefore he acquires superiority. It is because he is thus free from striving that therefore no one in the world is able to strive with him.
That saying of the ancients that “the partial becomes complete” was not vainly spoken:—all real completion is comprehended under it.

曲なれば則ち全く、枉なれば則ち直く、窪なれば則ち盈ち、敝ければ則ち新しく、少ければ則ち得、多ければ則ち惑はん。是を以て、聖人は一を抱きて、天下の式となる。自ら見さず、故に明かなり。自ら是とせず、故に彰る。自ら伐らず、故に功あり。自ら矜らず。故に長し。それただ爭はず。故に天下能くこれと爭ふことなし。古の謂はゆる、曲なれば則ち全しとは、豈虚言ならんや。誠に全くして而してこれに歸するなり。

23

二十三章

Abstaining from speech marks him who is obeying the spontaneity of his nature. A violent wind does not last for a whole morning; a sudden rain does not last for the whole day. To whom is it that these (two) things are owing? To Heaven and Earth. If Heaven and Earth cannot make such (spasmodic) actings last long, how much less can man!
Therefore when one is making the Tao his business, those who are also pursuing it, agree with him in it, and those who are making the manifestation of its course their object agree with him in that; while even those who are failing in both these things agree with him where they fail.
Hence, those with whom he agrees as to the Tao have the happiness of attaining to it; those with whom he agrees as to its manifestation have the happiness of attaining to it; and those with whom he agrees in their failure have also the happiness of attaining (to the Tao). (But) when there is not faith sufficient (on his part), a want of faith (in him) ensues (on the part of the others).

希言は自然なり。故に、飄風は朝を終へず。驟雨は日を終へず。孰かこれをなすものぞ。天地なり。天地すら尙ほ久しきこと能はず。而るを況や人に於てをや。故に、道に従事する者は、道に同じうし、德者とは德に同じうし、失者とは失に同じうす。道に同じうする者は、道もまたこれを得るを樂み、德に同じうする者は、德もまたこれを得るを樂み、失に同じうする者は、失もまたこれを得るを樂むなり。信足ざれば、信ぜざることあり。

24

二十四章

He who stands on his tiptoes does not stand firm; he who stretches his legs does not walk (easily). (So), he who displays himself does not shine; he who asserts his own views is not distinguished; he who vaunts himself does not find his merit acknowledged; he who is self-conceited has no superiority allowed to him. Such conditions, viewed from the standpoint of the Tao, are like remnants of food, or a tumour on the body, which all dislike. Hence those who pursue (the course) of the Tao do not adopt and allow them.

跂つ者は立たず。跨ぐ者は行かず。自から見はす者は明かならず。自から是とする者は彰はれず。自から伐る者は功なし。自から矜る者は長からず。その道にありてや、餘食贅行と曰ひ、物或はこれを悪む。故に有道者は處ざるなり。

25

二十五章

There was something undefined and complete, coming into existence before Heaven and Earth. How still it was and formless, standing alone, and undergoing no change, reaching everywhere and in no danger (of being exhausted)! It may be regarded as the Mother of all things.
I do not know its name, and I give it the designation of the Tao (the Way or Course). Making an effort (further) to give it a name I call it The Great.
Great, it passes on (in constant flow). Passing on, it becomes remote. Having become remote, it returns. Therefore the Tao is great; Heaven is great; Earth is great; and the (sage) king is also great. In the universe there are four that are great, and the (sage) king is one of them.
Man takes his law from the Earth; the Earth takes its law from Heaven; Heaven takes its law from the Tao. The law of the Tao is its being what it is.

物ありて混成し、天地に先だつて生ぜり。寂兮たり寞兮たり。獨立して改めず、周行して殆からず。以て天下の母たるべし。吾はその名を知らざるも、これに字して道と曰ひ、强ひてこれが名を為して大と曰ひ、大を逝と曰ひ、逝を遠と曰ひ、遠を反と曰ふ。故に、道は大、天も大、地も大、王も又大なり。域中に四大ありて、王はその一に居る。人は地に法とり、地は天に法とり、天は道に法とり、道は自然に法とるなり。

26

二十六章

Gravity is the root of lightness; stillness, the ruler of movement.
Therefore a wise prince, marching the whole day, does not go far from his baggage waggons. Although he may have brilliant prospects to look at, he quietly remains (in his proper place), indifferent to them. How should the lord of a myriad chariots carry himself lightly before the kingdom? If he do act lightly, he has lost his root (of gravity); if he proceed to active movement, he will lose his throne.

重は輕の根たり、靜は躁の君たり。是を以て、聖人は終日行けども、而も輜重を離れず。榮觀ありと雖も、燕処して超然たり。如何ぞ萬乘の主にして、而も身を以て天下に輕くせるぞ。輕ければ則ち臣を失ひ、躁しければ則ち君を失はん。

27

二十七章

The skilful traveller leaves no traces of his wheels or footsteps; the skilful speaker says nothing that can be found fault with or blamed; the skilful reckoner uses no tallies; the skilful closer needs no bolts or bars, while to open what he has shut will be impossible; the skilful binder uses no strings or knots, while to unloose what he has bound will be impossible. In the same way the sage is always skilful at saving men, and so he does not cast away any man; he is always skilful at saving things, and so he does not cast away anything. This is called “Hiding the light of his procedure.”
Therefore the man of skill is a master (to be looked up to) by him who has not the skill; and he who has not the skill is the helper of (the reputation of) him who has the skill. If the one did not honour his master, and the other did not rejoice in his helper, an (observer), though intelligent, might greatly err about them. This is called “The utmost degree of mystery.”

善行には轍迹なし。善言には瑕謫なし。善計には籌索を用ひず。善閉には関楗なくして、而も開くべからず。善結には縄約なくして、而も解くべからず。是を以て、聖人は常に善く人を救ふ。故に棄人なし。常に善く物を救ふ。故に棄物なし。是を襲明と謂ふ。故に、善人は不善人の師にして、不善人は善人の資なり。その師を貴ばず、その資を愛せざれば、知たりと雖も大に迷へる。これを要妙と謂ふ。

28

二十八章

Who knows his manhood’s strength,
Yet still his female feebleness maintains;
As to one channel flow the many drains,
All come to him, yea, all beneath the sky.
Thus he the constant excellence retains;
The simple child again, free from all stains.
Who knows how white attracts,
Yet always keeps himself within black’s shade,
The pattern of humility displayed,
Displayed in view of all beneath the sky;
He in the unchanging excellence arrayed,
Endless return to man’s first state has made.
Who knows how glory shines,
Yet loves disgrace, nor e’er for it is pale;
Behold his presence in a spacious vale,
To which men come from all beneath the sky.
The unchanging excellence completes its tale;
The simple infant man in him we hail.
The unwrought material, when divided and distributed, forms vessels. The sage, when employed, becomes the Head of all the Officers (of government); and in his greatest regulations he employs no violent measures.

その雄を知りて、その雌を守れば、天下の谿となる。天下の谿となれば、常德は離れずして、嬰兒に復歸す。その白を知り、その黑を守れば、天下の式と為る。天下の式となれば、常の德は忒はずして、無極に復歸す。その榮を知り、その辱を守れば、天下の谷となる。天下の谷となれば、常德は乃ち足つて、樸に復歸す。樸散ずれば則ち器となる。聖人これを用ひて、則ち官長となる。故に、大制にして割かざるなり。

29

二十九章

If any one should wish to get the kingdom for himself, and to effect this by what he does, I see that he will not succeed. The kingdom is a spirit-like thing, and cannot be got by active doing. He who would so win it destroys it; he who would hold it in his grasp loses it.
The course and nature of things is such that
What was in front is now behind;
What warmed anon we freezing find.
Strength is of weakness oft the spoil;
The store in ruins mocks our toil.
Hence the sage puts away excessive effort, extravagance, and easy indulgence.

天下を取つて、これを爲めんと將欲するも、吾はその得ざるを見るのみ。天下は神器なれば、爲むべからざるなり。爲めんとする者はこれを敗り、執らんとする者はこれを失はん。凡そ物は、或は行き、或は隨ひ、或は噓き、或いは吹き、或は强くし、或は羸くし、或は載り、或いは墮る。是を以て聖人は甚を去り、奢を去り、泰を去るなり。

30

三十章

He who would assist a lord of men in harmony with the Tao will not assert his mastery in the kingdom by force of arms. Such a course is sure to meet with its proper return.
Wherever a host is stationed, briars and thorns spring up. In the sequence of great armies there are sure to be bad years.
A skilful (commander) strikes a decisive blow, and stops. He does not dare (by continuing his operations) to assert and complete his mastery. He will strike the blow, but will be on his guard against being vain or boastful or arrogant in consequence of it. He strikes it as a matter of necessity; he strikes it, but not from a wish for mastery.
When things have attained their strong maturity they become old. This may be said to be not in accordance with the Tao: and what is not in accordance with it soon comes to an end.

道を以て人主を佐くる者は、兵を以て天下に强くせず。その事は還るを好むなり。師の處りし所には、荊棘生じ、大軍の後には、必ず凶年あり。故に、善者は果して已む。敢て强を取らず。果して矜ることなかれ。果して伐ることなかれ。果して驕ることなかれ。果して已むを得ざれ。果して强なることなかれ。物は壯なれば則ち老ゆ。これを不道と謂ふ。不道なれば早く已むなり。

31

三十一章

Now arms, however beautiful, are instruments of evil omen, hateful, it may be said, to all creatures. Therefore they who have the Tao do not like to employ them.
The superior man ordinarily considers the left hand the most honourable place, but in time of war the right hand. Those sharp weapons are instruments of evil omen, and not the instruments of the superior man;—he uses them only on the compulsion of necessity. Calm and repose are what he prizes; victory (by force of arms) is to him undesirable. To consider this desirable would be to delight in the slaughter of men; and he who delights in the slaughter of men cannot get his will in the kingdom.
On occasions of festivity to be on the left hand is the prized position; on occasions of mourning, the right hand. The second in command of the army has his place on the left; the general commanding in chief has his on the right;—his place, that is, is assigned to him as in the rites of mourning. He who has killed multitudes of men should weep for them with the bitterest grief; and the victor in battle has his place (rightly) according to those rites.

夫れ佳兵は不祥の器にして、物或はこれを悪む。故に、有道者は處らざるなり。是を以て、君子は、居るには則ち左を貴び、兵を用ふるには則ち右を貴ぶ。兵は不祥の器にして、君子の器にあらず。やむを得ずしてこれを用ふるも、恬淡を上となし、勝つとも而も美とせざるなり。これを美とする者は、これ殺人を楽むなり。殺人を楽む者は、則ち志を天下に得べからず。（故に、吉事には左を尙び、凶事には右を尙ぶ。是を以て、偏将軍は左に處り、上将軍は右に處る。喪禮を以てこれに處るを言ふなり。）人を殺すことの衆多なれば、則ち悲哀を以てこれを泣き、戰に勝てば、則ち喪禮を以てこれに處るなり。

32

三十二章

The Tao, considered as unchanging, has no name.
Though in its primordial simplicity it may be small, the whole world dares not deal with (one embodying) it as a minister. If a feudal prince or the king could guard and hold it, all would spontaneously submit themselves to him.
Heaven and Earth (under its guidance) unite together and send down the sweet dew, which, without the directions of men, reaches equally everywhere as of its own accord.
As soon as it proceeds to action, it has a name. When it once has that name, (men) can know to rest in it. When they know to rest in it, they can be free from all risk of failure and error.
The relation of the Tao to all the world is like that of the great rivers and seas to the streams from the valleys.

道は常にして名なく、朴なりにして小なりと雖も、天下に敢て臣とせず。侯王もしよく守らば、万物はまさに自ら賓せんとす。天地は相合ひて、以て甘露を降し、民はこれを令するなくして、而も自から均しからん。はじめて制して名あり。名も亦すでにあるも、それ亦止まることを知らんとす。止まることを知るは、殆からざる所以なり。道の天下にあるを譬ふれば、猶ほ川谷の江海に於けるがごときなり。

33

三十三章

He who knows other men is discerning; he who knows himself is intelligent. He who overcomes others is strong; he who overcomes himself is mighty. He who is satisfied with his lot is rich; he who goes on acting with energy has a (firm) will.
He who does not fail in the requirements of his position, continues long; he who dies and yet does not perish, has longevity.

人を知るものは智にして、自らを知るものは明なり。人に勝つ者は力ありて、自らに勝つ者は强なり。足ることを知るものは富み、行ひを强むるものは志を有つ。その所を失はざる者は久しく、死するも亡びざるものは壽なり。

34

三十四章

All-pervading is the Great Tao! It may be found on the left hand and on the right.
All things depend on it for their production, which it gives to them, not one refusing obedience to it. When its work is accomplished, it does not claim the name of having done it. It clothes all things as with a garment, and makes no assumption of being their lord;—it may be named in the smallest things. All things return (to their root and disappear), and do not know that it is it which presides over their doing so;—it may be named in the greatest things.
Hence the sage is able (in the same way) to accomplish his great achievements. It is through his not making himself great that he can accomplish them.

大道は汎兮として、其れ左右すべし。萬物はこれに恃みて、以て生ずるも辭せず。功あるも名とし有せず。萬物を愛養して、而も主とならず。小と名くべし。萬物は歸すれども、而も主とならず。名づけて大となすべし。是を以て、聖人は終に自ら大とならず。故によくその大を成すなり。

35

三十五章

To him who holds in his hands the Great Image (of the invisible Tao), the whole world repairs. Men resort to him, and receive no hurt, but (find) rest, peace, and the feeling of ease.
Music and dainties will make the passing guest stop (for a time). But though the Tao as it comes from the mouth, seems insipid and has no flavour, though it seems not worth being looked at or listened to, the use of it is inexhaustible.

大象を執れば天下は往く。往くも而も害せず。安平泰なり。楽と餌とには、過客も止まるも、道の口より出づるは、淡乎としてそれ味ひなし。これを視れども見るに足らず、これを聽けども聞くに足らざるも、これを用ふれば旣󠄁すべからず。

36

三十六章

When one is about to take an inspiration, he is sure to make a (previous) expiration; when he is going to weaken another, he will first strengthen him; when he is going to overthrow another, he will first have raised him up; when he is going to despoil another, he will first have made gifts to him:—this is called “Hiding the light (of his procedure).”
The soft overcomes the hard; and the weak the strong.
Fishes should not be taken from the deep; instruments for the profit of a state should not be shown to the people.

これを歙めんと將欲すれば、必ず固くこれを張れよ。これを弱めんと將欲すれば、必ず固くこれを强くせよ。これを廃せんと將欲すれば、必ず固くこれを興せよ。これを奪はんと將欲すれば、必ず固くこれを與へよ。これを微明と謂ふなり。柔は剛に勝ち、弱は强に勝つ。魚は淵より脱すべからず。國の利器は以て人に示すべからず。

37

三十七章

The Tao in its regular course does nothing (for the sake of doing it), and so there is nothing which it does not do.
If princes and kings were able to maintain it, all things would of themselves be transformed by them.
If this transformation became to me an object of desire, I would express the desire by the nameless simplicity.
Simplicity without a name
Is free from all external aim.
With no desire, at rest and still,
All things go right as of their will.

道は常にして爲すことなきも、而も爲さざることなし。侯王もしよく守らば、萬物はまさに自から化せんとす。化して作らんとすれば、吾はこれを鎭するに無名の樸を以てせんとす。無名の樸も、亦まさに欲せざらんとす。欲せずして以て靜なれば、天下はまさに自から正しからんとす。

38

三十八章

(Those who) possessed in highest degree the attributes (of the Tao) did not (seek) to show them, and therefore they possessed them (in fullest measure). (Those who) possessed in a lower degree those attributes (sought how) not to lose them, and therefore they did not possess them (in fullest measure).
(Those who) possessed in the highest degree those attributes did nothing (with a purpose), and had no need to do anything. (Those who) possessed them in a lower degree were (always) doing, and had need to be so doing.
(Those who) possessed the highest benevolence were (always seeking) to carry it out, and had no need to be doing so. (Those who) possessed the highest righteousness were (always seeking) to carry it out, and had need to be so doing.
(Those who) possessed the highest (sense of) propriety were (always seeking) to show it, and when men did not respond to it, they bared the arm and marched up to them.
Thus it was that when the Tao was lost, its attributes appeared; when its attributes were lost, benevolence appeared; when benevolence was lost, righteousness appeared; and when righteousness was lost, the proprieties appeared.
Now propriety is the attenuated form of leal-heartedness and good faith, and is also the commencement of disorder; swift apprehension is (only) a flower of the Tao, and is the beginning of stupidity.
Thus it is that the Great man abides by what is solid, and eschews what is flimsy; dwells with the fruit and not with the flower. It is thus that he puts away the one and makes choice of the other.

上德は德とせず。是を以て德あり。下德は德を失はざらんとす。是を以て德なし。上德は爲すことなくして、而も爲さざることなし。下德はこれを爲して、而も以て爲すことなし。上仁はこれを爲して、而も以て爲すことなし。上義はこれをなして、而も以て爲すことあり。上禮はこれを爲して、而もこれに應ずることなければ、則ち臂を攘げてこれを仍く。故に、道を失つて而して後に德あり。德を失つて而して後に仁あり。仁を失つて而して後に義あり。義を失つて而して後に禮あり。夫れ禮は、忠信の薄にして、而して亂の首なり。前識者は、道の華にして、而して愚の始なり。是を以て大丈夫は、その厚きに處つて、その薄きに處らず。その實に處つて、その華に處らず。故に、彼を去つて此れを取るなり。

39

三十九章

The things which from of old have got the One (the Tao) are—
Heaven which by it is bright and pure;
Earth rendered thereby firm and sure;
Spirits with powers by it supplied;
Valleys kept full throughout their void
All creatures which through it do live
Princes and kings who from it get
The model which to all they give.
All these are the results of the One (Tao).
If heaven were not thus pure, it soon would rend;
If earth were not thus sure, it would break and bend;
Without these powers, the spirits soon would fail;
If not so filled, the drought would parch each vale;
Without that life, creatures would pass away;
Princes and kings, without that moral sway,
However grand and high, would all decay.
Thus it is that dignity finds its (firm) root in its (previous) meanness, and what is lofty finds its stability in the lowness (from which it rises). Hence princes and kings call themselves “Orphans,” “Men of small virtue,” and as “Carriages without a nave.” Is not this an acknowledgment that in their considering themselves mean they see the foundation of their dignity? So it is that in the enumeration of the different parts of a carriage we do not come on what makes it answer the ends of a carriage. They do not wish to show themselves elegant-looking as jade, but (prefer) to be coarse-looking as an (ordinary) stone.

昔は一を得たる者なり。天は一を得て以て淸く、地は一を得て以て寧く、神は一を得て以て靈となり、谷は一を得て以て盈ち、萬物は一を得て以て生じ、侯王は一を得て以て天下の正となる。そのこれを致すは一なり。天淸きを以てことなければ、將恐らくは裂けん。地寧きを以てすることなければ、將恐らくは發せん。神靈を以てすることなければ、將恐らくは歇ん。谷盈つるを以てすることなければ、將恐らくは竭きん。萬物生ずるを以てすることなければ、將恐らくは滅せん。侯王正しきを以てすくことなく、而も貴高ならば、將恐らくは蹙れん。故に、貴は賤を以て本となし、高きは下きを以て基となすなり。是を以て侯王は自から孤寡不穀と謂ふ。これ、その賤を以て本となすか、あらずや。故に、輿を數ふることを致せば輿なし。琭琭として玉の如く、珞珞として石の如くなるを欲せず。

40

四十章

The movement of the Tao
By contraries proceeds;
And weakness marks the course
Of Tao’s mighty deeds.
All things under heaven sprang from It as existing (and named); that existence sprang from It as non-existent (and not named).

反は道の動にして、弱は道の用なり。天地萬物は、有より生じ、有は無より生ず。

41

四十一章

Scholars of the highest class, when they hear about the Tao, earnestly carry it into practice. Scholars of the middle class, when they have heard about it, seem now to keep it and now to lose it. Scholars of the lowest class, when they have heard about it, laugh greatly at it. If it were not (thus) laughed at, it would not be fit to be the Tao.
Therefore the sentence-makers have thus expressed themselves:—
“The Tao, when brightest seen, seems light to lack;
Who progress in it makes, seems drawing back;
Its even way is like a rugged track.
Its highest virtue from the vale doth rise;
Its greatest beauty seems to offend the eyes;
And he has most whose lot the least supplies.
Its firmest virtue seems but poor and low;
Its solid truth seems change to undergo;
Its largest square doth yet no corner show
A vessel great, it is the slowest made;
Loud is its sound, but never word it said;
A semblance great, the shadow of a shade.”
The Tao is hidden, and has no name; but it is the Tao which is skilful at imparting (to all things what they need) and making them complete.

上士は道を聞けば、勤めてこれを行ふ。中士は道を聞けば、存るが若く亡ずるが若し。下士は道を聞けば、大いにこれを笑ふ。笑はざれば以て道となすにたらず。故に、建言者にこれあり。明道は昧きが若く、進道は退くが若く、夷道は纇のが若く、上德は谷の若く、太白は辱の若く、廣德は足らざるが若く、建德は偸れるが若く、質直は渝るが若く、大方は隅なく、大器は晩成し、大音は希聲にして、大象は無形なりと。道は隱れて名なし。それ唯道は善く貸して且く成すなり。

42

四十二章

The Tao produced One; One produced Two; Two produced Three; Three produced All things. All things leave behind them the Obscurity (out of which they have come), and go forward to embrace the Brightness (into which they have emerged), while they are harmonised by the Breath of Vacancy.
What men dislike is to be orphans, to have little virtue, to be as carriages without naves; and yet these are the designations which kings and princes use for themselves. So it is that some things are increased by being diminished, and others are diminished by being increased.
What other men (thus) teach, I also teach. The violent and strong do not die their natural death. I will make this the basis of my teaching.

道は一を生じ、一は二を生じ、二は三を生じ、三は萬物を生ず。萬物は陰を負ひて陽を抱く。沖氣以て和することをなす。人の惡む所は、唯孤寡不轂のみ。而して王公は以て稱となす。故に、物或はこれを損して益し、或はこれを益して損するなり。人の敎ふる所は、我もまたこれを敎ふ。强梁なる者は、その死を得ず。吾れ以て敎の父となさんとす。

43

四十三章

The softest thing in the world dashes against and overcomes the hardest; that which has no (substantial) existence enters where there is no crevice. I know hereby what advantage belongs to doing nothing (with a purpose).
There are few in the world who attain to the teaching without words, and the advantage arising from non-action.

天下の至柔は、天下の至堅を馳騁し、無有は無間に入る。吾は是を以て無爲の益あることを知るなり。不言の敎と無爲の益とには、天下これに及ぶこと希し。

44

四十四章

Or fame or life,
Which do you hold more dear?
Or life or wealth,
To which would you adhere?
Keep life and lose those other things;
Keep them and lose your life:—which brings
Sorrow and pain more near?
Thus we may see,
Who cleaves to fame
Rejects what is more great;
Who loves large stores
Gives up the richer state.
Who is content
Needs fear no shame.
Who knows to stop
Incurs no blame.
From danger free
Long live shall he.

名と身とは孰れか親しきぞ。身と貨とは孰れか多なるぞ。得と亡とは孰れか病なるぞ。甚だ愛すれば必ず大いに費え、多く藏すれば必ず厚く亡ふ。足ることを知れば辱められず。止まることを知れば殆からず。以て長久なるべし。

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四十五章

Who thinks his great achievements poor
Shall find his vigour long endure.
Of greatest fulness, deemed a void,
Exhaustion ne’er shall stem the tide.
Do thou what’s straight still crooked deem;
Thy greatest art still stupid seem,
And eloquence a stammering scream.
Constant action overcomes cold; being still overcomes heat. Purity and stillness give the correct law to all under heaven.

大成は缺けたるがごときも、その用は弊ならず。大盈は沖しきがごときも、その用は窮まらず。大直は屈せるがごとく、大功は拙なるがごとく、大辯は訥なるがごとし。躁は寒に勝ち、靜は熱に勝つも、淸靜は天下の正たり。

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四十六章

When the Tao prevails in the world, they send back their swift horses to (draw) the dung-carts. When the Tao is disregarded in the world, the war-horses breed in the border lands.
There is no guilt greater than to sanction ambition; no calamity greater than to be discontented with one’s lot; no fault greater than the wish to be getting. Therefore the sufficiency of contentment is an enduring and unchanging sufficiency.

天下に道あれば、走馬を却けて以て糞するも、天下に道なければ、戎馬は郊に生ぜん。罪は欲すべきよりも大なるはなく、禍は足ることを知らざるよりも大なるはなく、咎は得んと欲するより大なるはなし。故に、足ることを知るの足るは、常に足るなり。

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四十七章

Without going outside his door, one understands (all that takes place) under the sky; without looking out from his window, one sees the Tao of Heaven. The farther that one goes out (from himself), the less he knows.
Therefore the sages got their knowledge without travelling; gave their (right) names to things without seeing them; and accomplished their ends without any purpose of doing so.

戶より出でざるも天下を知り、牖より窺はずして天道を見る。その出づること彌遠ければ、その知ること彌少し。是を以て聖人は行かずして知り、見ずして名に、爲さずして成すなり。

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四十八章

He who devotes himself to learning (seeks) from day to day to increase (his knowledge); he who devotes himself to the Tao (seeks) from day to day to diminish (his doing).
He diminishes it and again diminishes it, till he arrives at doing nothing (on purpose). Having arrived at this point of non-action, there is nothing which he does not do.
He who gets as his own all under heaven does so by giving himself no trouble (with that end). If one take trouble (with that end), he is not equal to getting as his own all under heaven.

學を爲むれば日に益し、道を爲むれば日々に損す。これを損してまた損し、以て爲すなきに至る。爲すなくして而も爲さざることなきなり。故に、天下を取るには、常に事なきを以てす。事あるに及べば、以て天下を取るに足らざるなり。

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四十九章

The sage has no invariable mind of his own; he makes the mind of the people his mind.
To those who are good (to me), I am good; and to those who are not good (to me), I am also good;—and thus (all) get to be good. To those who are sincere (with me), I am sincere; and to those who are not sincere (with me), I am also sincere;—and thus (all) get to be sincere.
The sage has in the world an appearance of indecision, and keeps his mind in a state of indifference to all. The people all keep their eyes and ears directed to him, and he deals with them all as his children.

聖人には常の心なく、百姓の心を以て心となす。善なる者は吾これを善とし、不善なる者も吾またこれを善とす。徳善なればなり。信なる者は吾これを信とし、不信なる者も吾またこれを信とす。徳信なればなり。聖人の天下にあるや、惵惵として天下のために、その心を渾にす。百姓は皆その耳目を注ぐ。聖人は皆これを孩にす。

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五十章