五十一章

51. Nurture

道生之，德畜之，物形之，势成之。是以万物莫不尊道而贵德。道之尊，德之贵，夫莫之命而常自然。故道生之，德畜之，长之育之，成之熟之，养之覆之。生而不有，为而不恃，长而不宰，是谓玄德。

The Way bears all things;
Harmony nurtures them;
Nature shapes them;
Use completes them.
Each follows the Way and honours harmony,
Not by law,
But by being.
The Way bears, nurtures, shapes, completes,
Shelters, comforts, and makes a home for them.
Bearing without possessing,
Nurturing without taming,
Shaping without forcing,
This is harmony.

五十二章

52. Clarity

天下有始，以为天下母。既知其母，又知其子。既知其子，复守其母。没身不殆。塞其兑，闭其门。终身不勤。开其兑，济其事，终身不救。见小曰明，守柔曰强。用其光，复归其明，无遗身殃，是谓习常。

The origin of the world is its mother;
Understand the mother, and you understand the child;
Embrace the child, and you embrace the mother,
Who will not perish when you die.
Reserve your judgments and words
And you maintain your influence;
Speak your mind and take positions
And nothing can save you.
As observing detail is clarity,
So maintaining flexibility is strength;
Use the light but shed no light,
So that you do yourself no harm,
But embrace clarity.

五十三章

53. Difficult Paths

使我介然有知，行于大道，唯施是畏。大道甚夷，而人好俓。朝甚除，田甚芜，仓甚虚，服文彩，带利剑，厌饮食，财货有余，是谓盗夸。非道也哉！

With but a small understanding
One may follow the Way like a main road,
Fearing only to leave it;
Following a main road is easy,
Yet people delight in difficult paths.
When palaces are kept up
Fields are left to weeds
And granaries empty;
Wearing fine clothes,
Bearing sharp swords,
Glutting with food and drink,
Hoarding wealth and possessions —
These are the ways of theft,
And far from the Way.

五十四章

54. Cultivate Harmony

善建者不拔，善抱者不脱，子孙祭祀不辍。修之身，其乃德真；修之家，其德有余；修之乡，其德乃长；修之于国，其德乃丰；修之于天下，其德乃普。故以身观身，以家观家，以乡观乡，以国观国，以天下观天下。吾何以知天下之然？以此。

Cultivate harmony within yourself, and harmony becomes real;
Cultivate harmony within your family, and harmony becomes fertile;
Cultivate harmony within your community, and harmony becomes abundant;
Cultivate harmony within your culture, and harmony becomes enduring;
Cultivate harmony within the world, and harmony becomes ubiquitous.
Live with a person to understand that person;
Live with a family to understand that family;
Live with a community to understand that community;
Live with a culture to understand that culture;
Live with the world to understand the world.
How can I live with the world?
By accepting.

五十五章

55. Soft Bones

含德之厚，比于赤子。毒虫不螫，猛兽不据，玃鸟不搏。骨弱筋柔而握固。未知牝牡之合而朘作，精之至。终日号而不嗄，和之至。知和曰常，知常曰明，益生曰祥，心使气曰强。物壮则老，谓之不道，不道早已。

Who is filled with harmony is like a newborn.
Wasps and snakes will not bite him;
Hawks and tigers will not claw him.
His bones are soft yet his grasp is sure,
For his flesh is supple;
His mind is innocent yet his body is virile,
For his vigour is plentiful;
His song is long-lasting yet his voice is sweet,
For his grace is perfect.
But knowing harmony creates abstraction,
And following abstraction creates ritual.
Exceeding nature creates calamity,
And controlling nature creates violence.

五十六章

56. Impartiality

知者不言，言者不知。塞其兑，闭其门，挫其锐，解其忿，和其光，同其尘，是谓玄同。故不可得而亲，不可得而疏；不可得而利，亦不可得而害，不可得而贵，亦不可得而贱。故为天下贵。

Who understands does not preach;
Who preaches does not understand.
Reserve your judgments and words;
Smooth differences and forgive disagreements;
Dull your wit and simplify your purpose;
Accept the world.
Then,
Friendship and enmity,
Profit and loss,
Honour and disgrace,
Will not affect you;
The world will accept you.

五十七章

57. Conquer with Inaction

以正治国，以奇用兵，以无事取天下。吾何以知其然？以此。天下多忌讳，而人弥贫；人多利器，国家滋昏；人多伎巧，奇物滋起；法物滋彰，盗贼多有。故圣人云：‘我无为，人自化；我好静，人自正；我无事，人自富；我无欲，人自朴。’

Do not control the people with laws,
Nor violence nor espionage,
But conquer them with inaction.
For:
The more morals and taboos there are,
The more cruelty afflicts people;
The more guns and knives there are,
The more factions divide people;
The more arts and skills there are,
The more change obsoletes people;
The more laws and taxes there are,
The more theft corrupts people.
Yet take no action, and the people nurture eachother;
Make no laws, and the people deal fairly with eachother;
Own no interest, and the people cooperate with eachother;
Express no desire, and the people harmonize with eachother.

五十八章

58. No End

其政闷闷，其人醇醇；其政察察，其人缺缺。祸，福之所倚；福，祸之所伏。熟知其极？其无正。政复为奇，善复为妖。人之迷，其日固久。是以圣人方而不割，廉而不害，直而不肆，光而不曜。

When government is lazy and informal
The people are kind and honest;
When government is efficient and severe
The people are discontented and deceitful.
Good fortune follows upon disaster;
Disaster lurks within good fortune;
Who can say how things will end?
Perhaps there is no end.
Honesty is ever deceived;
Kindness is ever seduced;
Men have been like this for a long time.
So the sage is firm but not cutting,
Pointed but not piercing,
Straight but not rigid,
Bright but not blinding.

五十九章

59. Restraint

治人事天，莫若啬。夫唯啬，是谓早服。早服谓之重积德。重积德则无不克，无不克则莫知其极。莫知其极，可以有国。有国之母，可以长久。是谓深根、固蔕、长生、久视之道。

Manage a great nation as you would cook a delicate fish.
To govern men in accord with nature
It is best to be restrained;
Restraint makes agreement easy to attain,
And easy agreement builds harmonious relationships;
With sufficient harmony no resistance will arise;
When no resistance arises, then you possess the heart of the nation,
And when you possess the nation’s heart, your influence will long endure:
Deeply rooted and firmly established.
This is the method of far sight and long life.

六十章

60. Demons

治大国若亨小鲜。以道莅天下，其鬼不神。非其鬼不神，其神不伤人。非其神不伤人，圣人亦不伤人。夫两不相伤，故得交归。

When you use the Way to conquer the world,
Your demons will lose their power to harm.
It is not that they lose their power as such,
But that they will not harm others;
Because they will not harm others,
You will not harm others:
When neither you nor your demons can do harm,
You will be at peace with them.

六十一章

61. Submission

大国者下流，天下之交，天下之牝。牡常以静胜牝，以静为下。故大国以下小国，则取小国；小国以下大国，则取大国。故或下以取，或下如取。大国不过欲兼畜人，小国不过欲入事人。此两者各得其所欲，大者宜为下。

A nation is like a hierarchy, a marketplace, and a maiden.
A maiden wins her husband by submitting to his advances;
Submission is a means of union.
So when a large country submits to a small country
It will adopt the small country;
When a small country submits to a large country
It will be adopted by the large country;
The one submits and adopts;
The other submits and is adopted.
It is in the interest of a large country to unite and gain service,
And in the interest of a small country to unite and gain patronage;
If both would serve their interests,
Both must submit.

六十二章

62. Sin

道者，万物之奥。善，人之宝；不善，人之所不保。美言可以市尊，行可以加人。人之不善，何弃之有？故立天子，置三公，虽有拱璧以先驷马，不如坐进此道。古之所以贵此道者何？不曰求以得，有罪以勉，故为天下贵。

The Way is the fate of men,
The treasure of the saint,
And the refuge of the sinner.
Fine words are often borrowed,
And great deeds are often appropriated;
Therefore, when a man falls, do not abandon him,
And when a man gains power, do not honour him;
Only remain impartial and show him the Way.
Why should someone appreciate the Way?
The ancients said, “By it, those who seek may easily find,
And those who regret may easily absolve”
So it is the most precious gift.

六十三章

63. Difficulty

为无为，事无事，味无味。大小多少，报怨以德。图难于易，为大于细。天下难事，必作于易；天下大事，必作于细。是以圣人终不为大，故能成其大。夫轻诺必寡信，多易必多难，是以圣人犹难之，故终无难。

Practice no-action;
Attend to do-nothing;
Taste the flavorless,
Magnify the small,
Multiply the few,
Return love for hate.
Deal with the difficult while it is yet easy;
Deal with the great while it is yet small;
The difficult develops naturally from the easy,
And the great from the small;
So the sage, by dealing with the small,
Achieves the great.
Who finds it easy to promise finds it hard to be trusted;
Who takes things lightly finds things difficult;
The sage recognizes difficulty, and so has none.

六十四章

64

其安易持，其未兆易谋，其脆易破，其微易散。为之于未有，治之于未乱。合抱之木，生于毫末；九层之台，起于累土；千里之行，始于足下。为者败之，执者失之。是以圣人无为，故无败；无执，故无失。民之从事，常于几成而败之。慎终如始，则无败事。是以圣人欲不欲，不贵难得之货；学不学，复众人之所过。以辅万物之自然而不敢为。

64a. Care at the Beginning

What lies still is easy to grasp;
What lies far off is easy to anticipate;
What is brittle is easy to shatter;
What is small is easy to disperse.
Yet a tree broader than a man can embrace is born of a tiny shoot;
A dam greater than a river can overflow starts with a clod of earth;
A journey of a thousand miles begins at the spot under one’s feet.
Therefore deal with things before they happen;
Create order before there is confusion.

64b. Care at the End

He who acts, spoils;
He who grasps, loses.
People often fail on the verge of success;
Take care at the end as at the beginning,
So that you may avoid failure.
The sage desires no-desire,
Values no-value,
Learns no-learning,
And returns to the places that people have forgotten;
He would help all people to become natural,
But then he would not be natural.

六十五章

65. Subtlety

古之善为道者，非以明人，将以愚之。民之难治，以其多智。以智治国，国之贼；不以智治国，国之福。知此两者，亦揩式。常知揩式，是谓玄德。玄德深远，与物反，然后乃至大顺。

The ancients did not seek to rule people with knowledge,
But to help them become natural.
It is difficult for knowledgeable people to become natural;
So to use law to control a nation weakens the nation,
But to use nature to control a nation strengthens the nation.
Understanding these two paths is understanding subtlety;
Subtlety runs deep, ranges wide,
Resolves confusion and preserves peace.

六十六章

66. Lead by Following

江海所以能为百谷王，以其善下之，故能为百谷王。是以圣人欲上人，必以言下之；欲先人，必以身后之。是以圣人处上而人不重，处前而人不害，是以天下乐推而不厌。以其不争，故天下莫与之争。

The river carves out the valley by flowing beneath it.
Thereby the river is the master of the valley.
In order to master people
One must speak as their servant;
In order to lead people
One must follow them.
So when the sage rises above the people,
They do not feel oppressed;
And when the sage stands before the people,
They do not feel hindered.
So the popularity of the sage does not fail,
He does not contend, and no one contends against him.

六十七章

67. Unimportance

天下皆谓我大，不肖。夫唯大，故不肖。若肖，久矣其细！我有三宝，持而宝之：一曰慈，二曰俭，三曰不敢为天下先。夫慈，故能勇；俭，故能广；不敢为天下先，故能成器长。今舍慈且勇，舍俭且广，舍后且先，死矣。夫慈，以战则胜，以守则固。天将救之，以慈卫之。

All the world says,
“I am important;
I am separate from all the world.
I am important because I am separate,
Were I the same, I could never be important.”
Yet here are three treasures
That I cherish and commend to you:
The first is compassion,
By which one finds courage.
The second is restraint,
By which one finds strength.
And the third is unimportance,
By which one finds influence.
Those who are fearless, but without compassion,
Powerful, but without restraint,
Or influential, yet important,
Cannot endure.

六十八章

68. Compassion

古之善为士者不武，善战者不怒，善胜敌者不争，善用仁者为下。是谓不争之德，是以用人之力，是谓配天古之极。

Compassion is the finest weapon and best defence.
If you would establish harmony,
Compassion must surround you like a fortress.
Therefore,
A good soldier does not inspire fear;
A good fighter does not display aggression;
A good conqueror does not engage in battle;
A good leader does not exercise authority.
This is the value of unimportance;
This is how to win the cooperation of others;
This to how to build the same harmony that is in nature.

六十九章

69. Ambush

用兵有言：‘吾不敢为主而为客，不敢进寸而退尺。’是谓行无行，攘无臂，仍无敌，执无兵。祸莫大于轻敌，轻敌几丧吾宝。故抗兵相加，则哀者胜。

There is a saying among soldiers:
It is easier to lose a yard than take an inch.
In this manner one may deploy troops without marshalling them,
Bring weapons to bear without exposing them,
Engage the foe without invading them,
And exhaust their strength without fighting them.
There is no worse disaster than misunderstanding your enemy;
To do so endangers all of my treasures;
So when two well matched forces oppose eachother,
The general who maintains compassion will win.

七十章

70. Individuality

吾言甚易知，甚易行。天下莫能知，莫能行。言有宗，事有君。夫唯无知，是以不我知。知我者希，则我者贵。是以圣人被褐怀玉。

My words are easy to understand
And my actions are easy to perform
Yet no other can understand or perform them.
My words have meaning; my actions have reason;
Yet these cannot be known and I cannot be known.
We are each unique, and therefore valuable;
Though the sage wears coarse clothes, his heart is jade.

七十一章

71. Limitation

知不知上，不知知，病。是以圣人不病。以其病病，是以不病。

Who recognizes his limitations is healthy;
Who ignores his limitations is sick.
The sage recognizes this sickness as a limitation.
And so becomes immune.

七十二章

72. Revolution

民不畏威，大威至。无狭其所居，无厌其所生。夫唯不厌，是以不厌。是以圣人自知不自见，自爱不自贵。故去彼取此。

When people have nothing more to lose,
Then revolution will result.
Do not take away their lands,
And do not destroy their livelihoods;
If your burden is not heavy then they will not shirk it.
The sage maintains himself but exacts no tribute,
Values himself but requires no honours;
He ignores abstraction and accepts substance.

七十三章

73. Fate

勇于敢则杀，勇于不敢则活，知此两者或利或害。天之所恶，孰知其故？天之道，不争而善胜，不言而善应，不召而自来，坦然而善谋。天网恢恢，疏而不漏。

Who is brave and bold will perish;
Who is brave and subtle will benefit.
The subtle profit where the bold perish
For fate does not honour daring.
And even the sage dares not tempt fate.
Fate does not attack, yet all things are conquered by it;
It does not ask, yet all things answer to it;
It does not call, yet all things meet it;
It does not plan, yet all things are determined by it.
Fate’s net is vast and its mesh is coarse,
Yet none escape it.

七十四章

74. Execution

民不畏死，奈何以死惧之？若使常畏死，而为奇者，吾执得而杀之，熟敢？常有司杀者杀。夫代司杀者杀，是谓代大匠斲。夫代大匠斲，希有不伤其手。

If people were not afraid of death,
Then what would be the use of an executioner?
If people were only afraid of death,
And you executed everyone who did not obey,
No one would dare to disobey you.
Then what would be the use of an executioner?
People fear death because death is an instrument of fate.
When people are killed by execution rather than by fate,
This is like carving wood in the place of a carpenter.
Those who carve wood in place of a carpenter
Often injure their hands.

七十五章

75. Rebellion

民之饥，以其上食税之多，是以饥。民之难治，以其上有为，是以难治。人之轻死，以其生生之厚，是以轻死。夫唯无以生为者，是贤于贵生。

When rulers take grain so that they may feast,
Their people become hungry;
When rulers take action to serve their own interests,
Their people become rebellious;
When rulers take lives so that their own lives are maintained,
Their people no longer fear death.
When people act without regard for their own lives
They overcome those who value only their own lives.

七十六章

76. Flexibility

人生之柔弱，其死坚强。万物草木生之柔脆，其死枯槁。故坚强者死之徒，柔弱者生之徒。是以兵强则不胜，木强则共。故坚强处下，柔弱处上。

A newborn is soft and tender,
A crone, hard and stiff.
Plants and animals, in life, are supple and succulent;
In death, withered and dry.
So softness and tenderness are attributes of life,
And hardness and stiffness, attributes of death.
Just as a sapless tree will split and decay
So an inflexible force will meet defeat;
The hard and mighty lie beneath the ground
While the tender and weak dance on the breeze above.

七十七章

77. Need

天之道，其犹张弓！高者抑之，下者举之，有余者损之，不足者与之。天之道，损有余而补不足；人道则不然，损不足，奉有余。熟能有余以奉天下？其唯有道者。是以圣人为而不恃，功成不处，斯不见贤。

Is the action of nature not unlike drawing a bow?
What is higher is pulled down, and what is lower is raised up;
What is taller is shortened, and what is thinner is broadened;
Nature’s motion decreases those who have more than they need
And increases those who need more than they have.
It is not so with Man.
Man decreases those who need more than they have
And increases those who have more than they need.
To give away what you do not need is to follow the Way.
So the sage gives without expectation,
Accomplishes without claiming credit,
And has no desire for ostentation.

七十八章

78. Yielding

天下柔弱莫过于水，而攻坚；强莫之能先。其无以易之。故弱胜强，柔胜刚，天下莫能知，莫能行。故圣人云：‘受国之垢，是谓社稷主；受国不祥，是谓天下王。’正言若反。

Nothing in the world is as soft and yielding as water,
Yet nothing can better overcome the hard and strong,
For they can neither control nor do away with it.
The soft overcomes the hard,
The yielding overcomes the strong;
Every person knows this,
But no one can practice it.
Who attends to the people would control the land and grain;
Who attends to the state would control the whole world;
Truth is easily hidden by rhetoric.

七十九章

79. Reconciliation

和大怨，必有余怨，安可以为善？是以圣人执左契，不责于人。故有德司契，无德司彻。天道无亲，常与善人。

When conflict is reconciled, some hard feelings remain;
This is dangerous.
The sage accepts less than is due
And does not blame or punish;
For harmony seeks agreement
Where justice seeks payment.
The ancients said: “nature is impartial;
Therefore it serves those who serve all.”

八十章

80. Utopia

小国寡人，使有什伯之器而不用，使人重死而不远徙。虽有舟轝，无所乘之；虽有甲兵，无所陈之。使民复结绳而用之。甘其食，美其服，安其居，乐其俗，邻国相望，鸡狗之声相闻，民至老死，不相往来。

Let your community be small, with only a few people;
Keep tools in abundance, but do not depend upon them;Appreciate your life and be content with your home;
Sail boats and ride horses, but don’t go too far;
Keep weapons and armour, but do not employ them;
Let everyone read and write,
Eat well and make beautiful things.
Live peacefully and delight in your own society;
Dwell within cock-crow of your neighbours,
But maintain your independence from them.

八十一章

81. The Sage

信言不美，美言不信。善者不辩，辩者不善。知者不博，博者不知。
圣人不积，既以为人己愈有，既以与人己愈多。天之道，利而不害。圣人之道，为而不争。

Honest people use no rhetoric;
Rhetoric is not honesty.
Enlightened people are not cultured;
Culture is not enlightenment.
Content people are not rich;
Riches are not contentment.
So the sage does not serve himself;
The more he does for others, the more he is satisfied;
The more he gives, the more he receives.
Nature flourishes at the expense of no one;
So the sage benefits all men and contends with none.