ΠΠ½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎ-ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³Π°-Π±ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π³Π²Π°
III. Socialist and Communist Literature
III.Β Π‘ΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ°
1. Reactionary Socialism
1.Β Π Π΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌ
a) Feudal Socialism
a)Β Π€Π΅ΠΎΠ΄Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌ
Owing to their historical position, it became the vocation of the aristocracies of France and England to write pamphlets against modern bourgeois society.
Π€ΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΈ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠ°Ρ Π°ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π±ΡΠ»Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΠ·Π²Π°Π½Π° ΠΊ ΡΠΎΠΌΡ, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΏΠ°ΠΌΡΠ»Π΅ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ² ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π±ΡΡΠΆΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°.
In the French Revolution of July 1830, and in the English reform agitation , these aristocracies again succumbed to the hateful upstart. Thenceforth, a serious political struggle was altogether out of the question.
ΠΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΡΠ»ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΈ 1830Β Π³. ΠΈΒ Π² Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π² ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·Ρ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ»Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΡΠΌΡ Π½Π΅Π½Π°Π²ΠΈΡΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π²ΡΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΊΠ° Π΅ΡΡ ΡΠ°Π· Π½Π°Π½ΡΡ Π΅ΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅. Π ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ·Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π±ΠΎΡΡΠ±Π΅ Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ³Π»ΠΎ Π±ΡΡΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ.
A literary battle alone remained possible. But even in the domain of literature the old cries of the restoration period had become impossible. In order to arouse sympathy, the aristocracy was obliged to lose sight, apparently, of its own interests, and to formulate their indictment against the bourgeoisie in the interest of the exploited working class alone.
ΠΠΉ ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π°Π»Π°ΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ½Π°Ρ Π±ΠΎΡΡΠ±Π°. ΠΠΎ ΠΈ Π² ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°Π·Ρ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠ½ Π Π΅ΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΡΠΆΠ΅ Π½Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½Ρ. Π§ΡΠΎΠ±Ρ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π±ΡΠ΄ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ²ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅, Π°ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Π° Π±ΡΠ»Π° ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π°ΡΡ Π²ΠΈΠ΄, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ½Π° ΡΠΆΠ΅ Π½Π΅ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΡ ΠΎ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Ρ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠ±Π²ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π°ΠΊΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ² Π±ΡΡΠΆΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Π² ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ»ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠ°.
Thus, the aristocracy took their revenge by singing lampoons on their new masters and whispering in his ears sinister prophesies of coming catastrophe.
ΠΠ½Π° Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ»Π° ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅ ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ»Π° ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΊΠ²ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π° ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Ρ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠ°Π»Π° Π΅ΠΌΡ Π½Π° ΡΡ ΠΎ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π΅ Π·Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°.
In this way arose feudal Socialism: half lamentation, half lampoon; half an echo of the past, half menace of the future; at times, by its bitter, witty and incisive criticism, striking the bourgeoisie to the very heartβs core; but always ludicrous in its effect, through total incapacity to comprehend the march of modern history.
Π’Π°ΠΊ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΊ ΡΠ΅ΠΎΠ΄Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌ: Π½Π°ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ½Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Π½Π°Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΒ β Π½Π°ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ½Ρ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΊΠ²ΠΈΠ»Ρ, Π½Π°ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ½Ρ ΠΎΡΠ³ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠΎΠΊ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΒ β Π½Π°ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ½Ρ ΡΠ³ΡΠΎΠ·Π° Π±ΡΠ΄ΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ, ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ°Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ°ΠΆΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠΉ Π±ΡΡΠΆΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΡ Π² ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΄ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈΠΌ Π³ΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ, ΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ½ΡΠΌ, ΡΠ·Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ, Π½ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅Π³Π΄Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ Π²ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π½Π΅ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡ Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ.
The aristocracy, in order to rally the people to them, waved the proletarian alms-bag in front for a banner. But the people, so often as it joined them, saw on their hindquarters the old feudal coats of arms, and deserted with loud and irreverent laughter.
ΠΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ°Ρ ΠΈΠ²Π°Π»Π° Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π·Π½Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅ΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΈ Π·Π° ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡ Π½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄. ΠΠΎ Π²ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ°Π·, ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΠΎΠ½ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π» Π·Π° Π½Π΅Ρ, ΠΎΠ½ Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π» Π½Π° Π΅Ρ Π·Π°Π΄Ρ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΎΠ΄Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π³Π΅ΡΠ±Ρ ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π±Π΅Π³Π°Π»ΡΡ Ρ Π³ΡΠΎΠΌΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ Ρ ΠΎΡ ΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ.
One section of the French Legitimists and βYoung Englandβ exhibited this spectacle.
Π Π°Π·ΡΠ³ΡΡΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠΈ Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠΈΡ Π»Π΅Π³ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ Β«ΠΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ΄Π°Ρ ΠΠ½Π³Π»ΠΈΡΒ».
In pointing out that their mode of exploitation was different to that of the bourgeoisie, the feudalists forget that they exploited under circumstances and conditions that were quite different and that are now antiquated.
ΠΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΎΠ΄Π°Π»Ρ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΈΡ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ± ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ»ΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π±ΡΠ» ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π°, ΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π±ΡΡΠΆΡΠ°Π·Π½Π°Ρ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ»ΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ, ΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ Π·Π°Π±ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ»ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡ , ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΠΆΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠΆΠΈΠ²ΡΠΈΡ , ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²Π°Ρ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ .
In showing that, under their rule, the modern proletariat never existed, they forget that the modern bourgeoisie is the necessary offspring of their own form of society.
ΠΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΈΡ Π³ΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²Π΅ Π½Π΅ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ°ΡΠ°, ΡΠΎ Π·Π°Π±ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠ°Π· ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ Π±ΡΡΠΆΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΡ Π±ΡΠ»Π° Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΡΠΌ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΡΠΎΡ.
For the rest, so little do they conceal the reactionary character of their criticism that their chief accusation against the bourgeois amounts to this, that under the bourgeois rΓ©gime a class is being developed which is destined to cut up root and branch the old order of society.
ΠΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΌ, ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠ»Ρ ΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΎ ΡΠΊΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠΉ Ρ Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΈΡ Π³Π»Π°Π²Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±Π²ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ² Π±ΡΡΠΆΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ Π² ΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΈΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈ Π΅Ρ Π³ΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ Π²Π·ΠΎΡΠ²ΡΡ Π½Π° Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄ΡΡ Π²Π΅ΡΡ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΉ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠΊ.
What they upbraid the bourgeoisie with is not so much that it creates a proletariat as that it creates a revolutionary proletariat.
ΠΠ½ΠΈ Π³ΠΎΡΠ°Π·Π΄ΠΎ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ°ΡΡ Π±ΡΡΠΆΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΡ Π² ΡΠΎΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ½Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π°Π΅Ρ ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ°Ρ, ΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π² ΡΠΎΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ½Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π°Π΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ°Ρ Π²ΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅.
In political practice, therefore, they join in all coercive measures against the working class; and in ordinary life, despite their high-falutin phrases, they stoop to pick up the golden apples dropped from the tree of industry, and to barter truth, love, and honour, for traffic in wool, beetroot-sugar, and potato spirits.
ΠΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ Π² ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΡ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅Ρ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ² ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠ°, Π° Π² ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΄Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΈ, Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΈ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ΠΉ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π·Π΅ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ, Π½Π΅ ΡΠΏΡΡΠΊΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΡ Π·ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ±Π»ΠΎΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡ Π²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ, Π»ΡΠ±ΠΎΠ²Ρ, ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π½Π° Π±Π°ΡΡΡ ΠΎΡ ΡΠΎΡΠ³ΠΎΠ²Π»ΠΈ ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΡ, ΡΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΊΠΎΠΉ.
As the parson has ever gone hand in hand with the landlord, so has Clerical Socialism with Feudal Socialism.
ΠΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΠΏ Π²ΡΠ΅Π³Π΄Π° ΡΡΠ» ΡΡΠΊΠ° ΠΎΠ± ΡΡΠΊΡ Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΎΠ΄Π°Π»ΠΎΠΌ, ΠΏΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌ ΠΈΠ΄ΡΡ ΡΡΠΊΠ° ΠΎΠ± ΡΡΠΊΡ Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΎΠ΄Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ.
Nothing is easier than to give Christian asceticism a Socialist tinge. Has not Christianity declaimed against private property, against marriage, against the State?
ΠΠ΅Ρ Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π»Π΅Π³ΡΠ΅, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΄Π°ΡΡ Ρ ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌΡ Π°ΡΠΊΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΌΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠΊ. Π Π°Π·Π²Π΅ Ρ ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π½Π΅ ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ² ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ² Π±ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ°, ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ² Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²Π°?
Has it not preached in the place of these, charity and poverty, celibacy and mortification of the flesh, monastic life and Mother Church?
Π Π°Π·Π²Π΅ ΠΎΠ½ΠΎ Π½Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΎ Π²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π±Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈ Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ, Π±Π΅Π·Π±ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠΈ, ΠΌΠΎΠ½Π°ΡΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½Ρ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²Ρ?
Christian Socialism is but the holy water with which the priest consecrates the heart-burnings of the aristocrat.
Π₯ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΒ β ΡΡΠΎ Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ²ΡΡΠ°Ρ Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π°, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΏ ΠΊΡΠΎΠΏΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ·Π»ΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π°ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ°.
b) Petty-Bourgeois Socialism
b)Β ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΊΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΆΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌ
The feudal aristocracy was not the only class that was ruined by the bourgeoisie, not the only class whose conditions of existence pined and perished in the atmosphere of modern bourgeois society.
Π€Π΅ΠΎΠ΄Π°Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ Π°ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΒ β Π½Π΅ Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ Π½ΠΈΡΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ³Π½ΡΡΡΠΉ Π±ΡΡΠΆΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡ, ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π² ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ Π±ΡΡΠΆΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΡΡ ΡΠ΄ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ.
The medieval burgesses and the small peasant proprietors were the precursors of the modern bourgeoisie. In those countries which are but little developed, industrially and commercially, these two classes still vegetate side by side with the rising bourgeoisie.
Π‘ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π΅Π²Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠΆΠ°Π½ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅Π»ΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΠ½ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π±ΡΡΠΆΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΠΈ. Π ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π°Ρ , ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΡΡ Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΡΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠ³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ, ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡ ΡΡΠΎΡ Π΄ΠΎ ΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΡ Π΅ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ·ΡΠ±Π°Π΅Ρ ΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉΡΡ Π±ΡΡΠΆΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ.
In countries where modern civilisation has become fully developed, a new class of petty bourgeois has been formed, fluctuating between proletariat and bourgeoisie, and ever renewing itself as a supplementary part of bourgeois society. The individual members of this class, however, are being constantly hurled down into the proletariat by the action of competition, and, as modern industry develops, they even see the moment approaching when they will completely disappear as an independent section of modern society, to be replaced in manufactures, agriculture and commerce, by overlookers, bailiffs and shopmen.
Π ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π°Ρ , Π³Π΄Π΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΠ»Π°ΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΡΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡ, ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»Π°ΡΡΒ β ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ Π±ΡΡΠΆΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½Π½ΠΎ Π²Π½ΠΎΠ²Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΒ β Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ ΠΌΠ΅Π»ΠΊΠ°Ρ Π±ΡΡΠΆΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅Π±Π»Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ°ΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ Π±ΡΡΠΆΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ. ΠΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½Π½ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΊΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π΄Π»Π΅ΠΆΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΊ ΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΡ Π»ΠΈΡ Π² ΡΡΠ΄Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ°ΡΠ°, ΠΈ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΡ ΡΠΆΠ΅ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°, ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΊΡΡΠΏΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΡΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠ΅Π·Π½ΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΈ Π² ΡΠΎΡΠ³ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅, ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΡΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ Π·Π΅ΠΌΠ»Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΈ Π±ΡΠ΄ΡΡ Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Π½Π°Π΄Π·ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠΌΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ.
In countries like France, where the peasants constitute far more than half of the population, it was natural that writers who sided with the proletariat against the bourgeoisie should use, in their criticism of the bourgeois rΓ©gime, the standard of the peasant and petty bourgeois, and from the standpoint of these intermediate classes, should take up the cudgels for the working class.
Π ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π°Ρ , ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π€ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΈΡ, Π³Π΄Π΅ ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΠ½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ΅Ρ Π³ΠΎΡΠ°Π·Π΄ΠΎ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ½Ρ Π²ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, Π΅ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅, ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ² Π±ΡΡΠΆΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΠΈ, Π² ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅ Π±ΡΡΠΆΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΡΠΎΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄ΡΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΊ Π½Π΅ΠΌΡ ΠΌΠ΅Π»ΠΊΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΆΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Π»ΠΊΠΎΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΠ½ΡΠΊΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΊΡ ΠΈ Π·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΈΡ Ρ ΠΌΠ΅Π»ΠΊΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΆΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ Π·ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ.
Thus arose petty-bourgeois Socialism. Sismondi was the head of this school, not only in France but also in England.
Π’Π°ΠΊ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΊ ΠΌΠ΅Π»ΠΊΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΆΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌ. Π‘ΠΈΡΠΌΠΎΠ½Π΄ΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠΈΡ Π²ΠΎ Π³Π»Π°Π²Π΅ ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π° Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ Π½Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Π²ΠΎ Π€ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΈΠΈ, Π½ΠΎ ΠΈ Π² ΠΠ½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΈ.
This school of Socialism dissected with great acuteness the contradictions in the conditions of modern production. It laid bare the hypocritical apologies of economists.
ΠΡΠΎΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠΌΠ΅Π» ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡ Π² ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ . ΠΠ½ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΠΈΠ» Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ Π°ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³Π΅ΡΠΈΠΊΡ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ².
It proved, incontrovertibly, the disastrous effects of machinery and division of labour; the concentration of capital and land in a few hands; overproduction and crises; it pointed out the inevitable ruin of the petty bourgeois and peasant, the misery of the proletariat, the anarchy in production, the crying inequalities in the distribution of wealth, the industrial war of extermination between nations, the dissolution of old moral bonds, of the old family relations, of the old nationalities.
ΠΠ½ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠΆΠΈΠΌΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π» ΡΠ°Π·ΡΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΠ΄Π°, ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ Π·Π΅ΠΌΠ»Π΅Π²Π»Π°Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ, ΠΊΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΡ, Π½Π΅ΠΈΠ·Π±Π΅ΠΆΠ½ΡΡ Π³ΠΈΠ±Π΅Π»Ρ ΠΌΠ΅Π»ΠΊΠΈΡ Π±ΡΡΠΆΡΠ° ΠΈ ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΠ½, Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ°ΡΠ°, Π°Π½Π°ΡΡ ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²Π°, Π²ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΡΠ΅Π΅ Π½Π΅ΡΠ°Π²Π΅Π½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π² ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π±ΠΎΠ³Π°ΡΡΡΠ²Π°, ΠΈΡΡΡΠ΅Π±ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΡΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠΉΠ½Ρ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΉ, ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡ Π½ΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΠ², ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ΠΉΠ½ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ.
In its positive aims, however, this form of Socialism aspires either to restoring the old means of production and of exchange, and with them the old property relations, and the old society, or to cramping the modern means of production and of exchange within the framework of the old property relations that have been, and were bound to be, exploded by those means.
ΠΠΎ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠΎΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π²ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π°, Π° Π²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ Ρ Π½ΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ, ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΒ β Π²Π½ΠΎΠ²Ρ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ Π²ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π° Π² ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΊΠΈ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠΆΠ΅ ΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π²Π·ΠΎΡΠ²Π°Π½Ρ ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Ρ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π±ΡΡΡ Π²Π·ΠΎΡΠ²Π°Π½Ρ.
In either case, it is both reactionary and Utopian.
Π ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΈΡ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΎΠ½ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ ΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅Π½.
Its last words are: corporate guilds for manufacture; patriarchal relations in agriculture.
Π¦Π΅Ρ ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΡΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ°ΡΡ Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ Ρ ΠΎΠ·ΡΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΎΒ β Π²ΠΎΡ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π½Π΅Π΅ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎ.
Ultimately, when stubborn historical facts had dispersed all intoxicating effects of self-deception, this form of Socialism ended in a miserable fit of the blues.
Π Π΄Π°Π»ΡΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΌ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠΎ Π²ΡΠ»ΠΈΠ»ΠΎΡΡ Π² ΡΡΡΡΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ Π±ΡΡΠ·ΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅.
c) German or βTrueβ Socialism
c)Β ΠΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ, ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Β«ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ½Π½ΡΠΉΒ», ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌ
The Socialist and Communist literature of France, a literature that originated under the pressure of a bourgeoisie in power, and that was the expressions of the struggle against this power, was introduced into Germany at a time when the bourgeoisie, in that country, had just begun its contest with feudal absolutism.
Π‘ΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ° Π€ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΈΠΈ, Π²ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΊΡΠ°Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ Π³Π½ΡΡΠΎΠΌ Π³ΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π±ΡΡΠΆΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡ Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ½ΡΠΌ Π²ΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π±ΠΎΡΡΠ±Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ² ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π³ΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²Π°, Π±ΡΠ»Π° ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π° Π² ΠΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ, ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° Π±ΡΡΠΆΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΠΌ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΡΡΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»Π° ΡΠ²ΠΎΡ Π±ΠΎΡΡΠ±Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ² ΡΠ΅ΠΎΠ΄Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π±ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ°.
German philosophers, would-be philosophers, and beaux esprits (men of letters), eagerly seized on this literature, only forgetting, that when these writings immigrated from France into Germany, French social conditions had not immigrated along with them.
ΠΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΡΠΎΡΡ, ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΡΠΎΡΡ ΠΈ Π»ΡΠ±ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π·Ρ ΠΆΠ°Π΄Π½ΠΎ ΡΡ Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡ Π·Π° ΡΡΡ Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ, ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π°Π±ΡΠ² ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΡΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈΠ· Π€ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΈΠΈ Π² ΠΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ΄Π° Π½Π΅ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΈ.
In contact with German social conditions, this French literature lost all its immediate practical significance and assumed a purely literary aspect. Thus, to the German philosophers of the Eighteenth Century.
Π Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ° ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ»Π° Π²ΡΡ Π½Π΅ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ»Π° Π²ΠΈΠ΄ ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎ Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠ½Π° Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Π° Π±ΡΠ»Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈ Ρ Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅Ρ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΌΡΠ΄ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ± ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ.
The demands of the first French Revolution were nothing more than the demands of βPractical Reasonβ in general, and the utterance of the will of the revolutionary French bourgeoisie signified, in their eyes, the laws of pure Will, of Will as it was bound to be, of true human Will generally.
Π’Π°ΠΊ, ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² XVIII Π²Π΅ΠΊΠ° ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΡΠΌΡΡΠ» Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Β«ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠΌΠ°Β» Π²ΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅, Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π±ΡΡΠΆΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΠΈ Π² ΠΈΡ Π³Π»Π°Π·Π°Ρ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π»ΠΈ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ² ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠΉ Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΈ, Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΈ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠ½Π° Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Π° Π±ΡΡΡ, ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΈ.
The work of the German literati consisted solely in bringing the new French ideas into harmony with their ancient philosophical conscience, or rather, in annexing the French ideas without deserting their own philosophic point of view.
ΠΡΡ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ° Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ»Π° ΠΈΡΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π² ΡΠΎΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠΈΡΡ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΈ ΡΠΎ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ, Π²Π΅ΡΠ½Π΅Π΅, Π² ΡΠΎΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈΡΡ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΈ ΡΠΎ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ Π·ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ.
This annexation took place in the same way in which a foreign language is appropriated, namely, by translation.
ΠΡΠΎ ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΆΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠΌ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ Π²ΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ²Π°ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΡΠΆΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊ, ΠΏΡΡΡΠΌ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π°.
It is well known how the monks wrote silly lives of Catholic Saints over the manuscripts on which the classical works of ancient heathendom had been written.
ΠΠ·Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ Π½Π° ΠΌΠ°Π½ΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΏΡΠ°Ρ , ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π²ΡΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ·ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΡΠ΅Π²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΠΌΠΎΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ° ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ Π½Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΏΡΠ΅ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½Π΅ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΠ²ΡΡΡΡ .
The German literati reversed this process with the profane French literature. They wrote their philosophical nonsense beneath the French original.
ΠΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Ρ Π½Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠ°Π· Π½Π°ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠΎΡ. ΠΠΎΠ΄ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΎΡΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠ½Π°Π» ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ Π²ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡ ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΊΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΡ Ρ.
For instance, beneath the French criticism of the economic functions of money, they wrote βAlienation of Humanityβ, and beneath the French criticism of the bourgeois state they wrote βDethronement of the Category of the Generalβ, and so forth.
ΠΠ°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ·ΡΠΊΡΡ ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΡ Π΄Π΅Π½Π΅ΠΆΠ½ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ Π²ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ Β«ΠΎΡΡΡΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΒ», ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ·ΡΠΊΡΡ ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΡ Π±ΡΡΠΆΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²Π°Β β Β«ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π·Π΄Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π³ΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΠ±ΡΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΠΡΠ΅ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΒ» ΠΈΒ Ρ.Β Π΄.
The introduction of these philosophical phrases at the back of the French historical criticisms, they dubbed βPhilosophy of Actionβ, βTrue Socialismβ, βGerman Science of Socialismβ, βPhilosophical Foundation of Socialismβ, and so on.
ΠΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π·Π΅ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΠΎΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Β«ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡΒ», Β«ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ½Π½ΡΠΌ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΌΒ», Β«Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π½Π°ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ°Β», Β«ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ°Β» ΠΈΒ Ρ.Β Π΄.
The French Socialist and Communist literature was thus completely emasculated. And, since it ceased in the hands of the German to express the struggle of one class with the other, he felt conscious of having overcome βFrench one-sidednessβ and of representing, not true requirements, but the requirements of Truth; not the interests of the proletariat, but the interests of Human Nature, of Man in general, who belongs to no class, has no reality, who exists only in the misty realm of philosophical fantasy.
Π€ΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎ-ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ° Π±ΡΠ»Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ Π²ΡΡ ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π°. Π ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π² ΡΡΠΊΠ°Ρ Π½Π΅ΠΌΡΠ° ΠΎΠ½Π° ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°Π»Π° Π²ΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ°ΡΡ Π±ΠΎΡΡΠ±Ρ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ² Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΡΠΎ Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Ρ Π±ΡΠ» ΡΠ±Π΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ½ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠ»ΡΡ Π²ΡΡΠ΅ Β«ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΒ», ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ½ ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°ΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ, Π²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ½Π½ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ, ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π² ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ½Π΅, Π° Π²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ°ΡΠ°Β β ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ° Π²ΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅, ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ°, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ Π½Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π΄Π»Π΅ΠΆΠΈΡ Π½ΠΈ ΠΊ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΡ ΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ Π½Π΅ Π² Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, Π° Π² ΡΡΠΌΠ°Π½Π½ΡΡ Π½Π΅Π±Π΅ΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΠΈ.
This German socialism, which took its schoolboy task so seriously and solemnly, and extolled its poor stock-in-trade in such a mountebank fashion, meanwhile gradually lost its pedantic innocence.
ΠΡΠΎΡ Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌ, ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°Π²ΡΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈ Π±Π΅ΡΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΏΡΠ°ΠΆΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠΎΠ»Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ·Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΠΎ ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ»Π°ΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π²ΡΠΈΠΉ, ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ» ΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΎ-ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠ°Π»Ρ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡ ΠΏΠ΅Π΄Π°Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΡΡ Π½Π΅Π²ΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ.
The fight of the Germans, and especially of the Prussian bourgeoisie, against feudal aristocracy and absolute monarchy, in other words, the liberal movement, became more earnest.
ΠΠΎΡΡΠ±Π° Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ, ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ, Π±ΡΡΠΆΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ² ΡΠ΅ΠΎΠ΄Π°Π»ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ Π°Π±ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠ½Π°ΡΡ ΠΈΠΈΒ β ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ, Π»ΠΈΠ±Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅Β β ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ»Π°ΡΡ Π²ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ·Π½Π΅Π΅.
By this, the long-wished for opportunity was offered to βTrueβ Socialism of confronting the political movement with the Socialist demands, of hurling the traditional anathemas against liberalism, against representative government, against bourgeois competition, bourgeois freedom of the press, bourgeois legislation, bourgeois liberty and equality, and of preaching to the masses that they had nothing to gain, and everything to lose, by this bourgeois movement.
Β«ΠΡΡΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΌΡΒ» ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΡΡ, ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠΌ, ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌΡ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π°Π²Π°ΡΡ ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π°Π½Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ Π»ΠΈΠ±Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌ, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎ, Π±ΡΡΠΆΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡ, Π±ΡΡΠΆΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈ, Π±ΡΡΠΆΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎ, Π±ΡΡΠΆΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π²Π΅Π½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠ΅, ΡΡΠΎ Π² ΡΡΠΎΠΌ Π±ΡΡΠΆΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΠΌ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΠ½Π° Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π²ΡΠΈΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΡ, Π½ΠΎ, Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ², ΡΠΈΡΠΊΡΠ΅Ρ Π²ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡ.
German Socialism forgot, in the nick of time, that the French criticism, whose silly echo it was, presupposed the existence of modern bourgeois society, with its corresponding economic conditions of existence, and the political constitution adapted thereto, the very things those attainment was the object of the pending struggle in Germany.
ΠΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌ Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΌΠ° ΠΊΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈ Π·Π°Π±ΡΠ²Π°Π», ΡΡΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°, ΠΆΠ°Π»ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΡΠ³ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠ½ Π±ΡΠ», ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°Π³Π°Π»Π° ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ Π±ΡΡΠΆΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Ρ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π΅ΠΌΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ, Ρ.Β Π΅. ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠ°Π· Π²ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ»ΠΊΠΈ, ΠΎ Π·Π°Π²ΠΎΠ΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ Π² ΠΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Π΅ΡΡ ΡΠ»Π° ΡΠ΅ΡΡ.
To the absolute governments, with their following of parsons, professors, country squires, and officials, it served as a welcome scarecrow against the threatening bourgeoisie.
ΠΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ Π°Π±ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²Π°ΠΌ, Ρ ΠΈΡ ΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ², ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ², Π·Π°ΡΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ·Π»ΡΡ ΡΠ½ΠΊΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ Π±ΡΡΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ², ΠΎΠ½ ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠΈΠ» ΠΊΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π²Π΅ΡΠ½ΡΠ²ΡΠΈΠΌΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ³Π°Π»ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ² ΡΠ³ΡΠΎΠΆΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠΏΠ°Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π±ΡΡΠΆΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΠΈ.
It was a sweet finish, after the bitter pills of flogging and bullets, with which these same governments, just at that time, dosed the German working-class risings.
ΠΠ½ Π±ΡΠ» ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ»Π°ΡΡΠ½Π½ΡΠΌ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΊ Π³ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ ΠΏΠ»Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΡΠΆΠ΅ΠΉΠ½ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ»Ρ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²Π° ΡΡΠΌΠΈΡΡΠ»ΠΈ Π²ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΈΡ .
While this βTrueβ Socialism thus served the government as a weapon for fighting the German bourgeoisie, it, at the same time, directly represented a reactionary interest, the interest of German Philistines.
ΠΡΠ»ΠΈ Β«ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ½Π½ΡΠΉΒ» ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ»ΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΡΡΠΆΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π² ΡΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ² ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ² Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π±ΡΡΠΆΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΠΈ, ΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ½ ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠΈΠ» Π²ΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ², ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ² Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ²Π°.
In Germany, the petty-bourgeois class, a relic of the sixteenth century, and since then constantly cropping up again under the various forms, is the real social basis of the existing state of things.
Π ΠΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Ρ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΊΠ° Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΌΠ΅Π»ΠΊΠ°Ρ Π±ΡΡΠΆΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΡ, ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΠΎΡ XVI Π²Π΅ΠΊΠ° ΠΈ Ρ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½Π½ΠΎ Π²Π½ΠΎΠ²Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡ Π² ΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅.
To preserve this class is to preserve the existing state of things in Germany. The industrial and political supremacy of the bourgeoisie threatens it with certain destruction β on the one hand, from the concentration of capital; on the other, from the rise of a revolutionary proletariat.
Π‘ΠΎΡ ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΅Ρ ΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡ ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π² ΠΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΊΠ° Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ. ΠΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΡΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π³ΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²Π° Π±ΡΡΠΆΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΠ½Π° ΡΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ°Ρ ΠΎΠΌ ΠΆΠ΄ΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ΠΉ Π²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π³ΠΈΠ±Π΅Π»ΠΈ, Ρ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Ρ, Π²ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»Π°, Ρ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠΉΒ β Π²ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ° ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ°ΡΠ°.
βTrueβ Socialism appeared to kill these two birds with one stone. It spread like an epidemic.
ΠΠΉ ΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»ΠΎΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ Β«ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ½Π½ΡΠΉΒ» ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΌ Π²ΡΡΡΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ±ΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ Π΄Π²ΡΡ Π·Π°ΠΉΡΠ΅Π². Π Β«ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ½Π½ΡΠΉΒ» ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ»ΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π·Π°ΡΠ°Π·Π°.
The robe of speculative cobwebs, embroidered with flowers of rhetoric, steeped in the dew of sickly sentiment, this transcendental robe in which the German Socialists wrapped their sorry βeternal truthsβ, all skin and bone, served to wonderfully increase the sale of their goods amongst such a public.
ΠΡΡΠΊΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠΌΠΎΠ·ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ½Ρ, ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠ΄Π»ΠΈΠ²ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡ, ΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ»Π΅Π·Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ»Π°ΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΌΠΈΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΡΡΠΎΡ ΠΌΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΠΎΠ², ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΌ Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΊΡΡΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡ Β«Π²Π΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ½Β», ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π» ΡΠ±ΡΡ ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ° ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΈ.
And on its part German Socialism recognised, more and more, its own calling as the bombastic representative of the petty-bourgeois Philistine.
Π‘ΠΎ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Ρ, Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌ Π²ΡΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π» ΡΠ²ΠΎΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ·Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π±ΡΡΡ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΌ ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ²Π°.
It proclaimed the German nation to be the model nation, and the German petty Philistine to be the typical man. To every villainous meanness of this model man, it gave a hidden, higher, Socialistic interpretation, the exact contrary of its real character.
ΠΠ½ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ·Π³Π»Π°ΡΠΈΠ» Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΊΡΡ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ, Π° Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ½Π°Β β ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ°. ΠΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΠΎΠΉ Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ½ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΄Π°Π²Π°Π» ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ, Π²ΠΎΠ·Π²ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΌΡΡΠ», ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠ°Π²ΡΠΈΠΉ Π΅Ρ Π² Π½Π΅ΡΡΠΎ Π΅ΠΉ ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠ΅.
It went to the extreme length of directly opposing the βbrutally destructiveβ tendency of Communism, and of proclaiming its supreme and impartial contempt of all class struggles. With very few exceptions, all the so-called Socialist and Communist publications that now (1847) circulate in Germany belong to the domain of this foul and enervating literature.
ΠΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π΄ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°, ΠΎΠ½ ΠΎΡΠΊΡΡΡΠΎ Π²ΡΡΡΡΠΏΠ°Π» ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ² Β«Π³ΡΡΠ±ΠΎ-ΡΠ°Π·ΡΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΒ» Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° ΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΠ», ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΌ ΠΎΠ½ Π² ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΌ Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ Π±Π΅ΡΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠΈΡ Π²ΡΡΠ΅ Π²ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π±ΠΎΡΡΠ±Ρ. ΠΠ° Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΌΠ° Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ Π²ΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΡΠ»ΠΈΡΡΠ΅Ρ Π² ΠΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π² ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ±Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ, ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π΄Π»Π΅ΠΆΠΈΡ ΠΊ ΡΡΠΎΠΉ Π³ΡΡΠ·Π½ΠΎΠΉ, ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ»Π°Π±Π»ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ΅.
2. Conservative or Bourgeois Socialism
2.Β ΠΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠΉ, ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π±ΡΡΠΆΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΠΉ, ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌ
A part of the bourgeoisie is desirous of redressing social grievances in order to secure the continued existence of bourgeois society.
ΠΠ·Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ Π±ΡΡΠΆΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΠΈ ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π°Π΅Ρ ΠΈΠ·Π»Π΅ΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π½Π΅Π΄ΡΠ³ΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π±ΡΡΠΆΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°.
To this section belong economists, philanthropists, humanitarians, improvers of the condition of the working class, organisers of charity, members of societies for the prevention of cruelty to animals, temperance fanatics, hole-and-corner reformers of every imaginable kind.
Π‘ΡΠ΄Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΡΡ, ΡΠΈΠ»Π°Π½ΡΡΠΎΠΏΡ, ΠΏΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π³ΡΠΌΠ°Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΡΠ°Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΎ Π±Π»Π°Π³Π΅ ΡΡΡΠ΄ΡΡΠΈΡ ΡΡ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΎΠ², ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΎΡΡ Π±Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΡΠ»Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ² ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΌ, ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ² ΡΡΠ΅Π·Π²ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΠΌΠ΅Π»ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΌΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΡ Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ².
This form of socialism has, moreover, been worked out into complete systems.
ΠΡΠΎΡ Π±ΡΡΠΆΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±Π°ΡΡΠ²Π°Π»ΡΡ Π΄Π°ΠΆΠ΅ Π² ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ.
We may cite Proudhonβs Philosophie de la MisΓ¨re as an example of this form.
Π ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π΄ΡΠΌ Β«Π€ΠΈΠ»ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΈΡ Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΒ» ΠΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ½Π°.
The Socialistic bourgeois want all the advantages of modern social conditions without the struggles and dangers necessarily resulting therefrom. They desire the existing state of society, minus its revolutionary and disintegrating elements. They wish for a bourgeoisie without a proletariat.
ΠΡΡΠΆΡΠ°-ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΡ Ρ ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΡ ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΡ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°, Π½ΠΎ Π±Π΅Π· Π±ΠΎΡΡΠ±Ρ ΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π½Π΅ΠΈΠ·Π±Π΅ΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΈΠ· Π½ΠΈΡ Π²ΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ°ΡΡ. ΠΠ½ΠΈ Ρ ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΡ ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ, ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ, Π±Π΅Π· ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ², ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π»Π°Π³Π°ΡΡ. ΠΠ½ΠΈ Ρ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ Π±Ρ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ Π±ΡΡΠΆΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΡ Π±Π΅Π· ΠΏΡΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ°ΡΠ°.
The bourgeoisie naturally conceives the world in which it is supreme to be the best; and bourgeois Socialism develops this comfortable conception into various more or less complete systems.
Π’ΠΎΡ ΠΌΠΈΡ, Π² ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ Π³ΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ Π±ΡΡΠΆΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΡ, ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π΅ΠΉ ΡΠ°ΠΌΡΠΌ Π»ΡΡΡΠΈΠΌ ΠΈΠ· ΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ². ΠΡΡΠΆΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±Π°ΡΡΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ ΡΡΠΎ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π² Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π΅ ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ.
In requiring the proletariat to carry out such a system, and thereby to march straightway into the social New Jerusalem, it but requires in reality, that the proletariat should remain within the bounds of existing society, but should cast away all its hateful ideas concerning the bourgeoisie.
ΠΡΠΈΠ³Π»Π°ΡΠ°Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ°Ρ ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡΡ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠΉΡΠΈ Π² Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΉ ΠΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠΌ, ΠΎΠ½, Π² ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ°Ρ ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π°Π»ΡΡ Π² ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π΅ΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅, Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ±ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ» ΡΠ²ΠΎΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎ Π½ΡΠΌ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΎ ΡΡΠΌ-ΡΠΎ Π½Π΅Π½Π°Π²ΠΈΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ.
A second, and more practical, but less systematic, form of this Socialism sought to depreciate every revolutionary movement in the eyes of the working class by showing that no mere political reform, but only a change in the material conditions of existence, in economical relations, could be of any advantage to them.
ΠΡΡΠ³Π°Ρ, ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π΅ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ, Π½ΠΎ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ° ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΠ»Π°ΡΡ ΠΊ ΡΠΎΠΌΡ, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ Π²Π½ΡΡΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎ Π²ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΌΡ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, Π΄ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Ρ, ΡΡΠΎ Π΅ΠΌΡ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π΅Π·Π½ΠΎ Π½Π΅ ΡΠΎ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅, Π° Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΉ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΈ, ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ.
By changes in the material conditions of existence, this form of Socialism, however, by no means understands abolition of the bourgeois relations of production, an abolition that can be affected only by a revolution, but administrative reforms, based on the continued existence of these relations; reforms, therefore, that in no respect affect the relations between capital and labour, but, at the best, lessen the cost, and simplify the administrative work, of bourgeois government.
ΠΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΉ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π΅Ρ ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠ΄Ρ Π½Π΅ ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π±ΡΡΠΆΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ, ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΏΡΡΡΠΌ, Π° Π°Π΄ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ, ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ, Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π½Π΅ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π² ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠΌΠ½ΡΠΌ ΡΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ, Π² Π»ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅Β β Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π»Ρ Π±ΡΡΠΆΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΊΠΈ Π΅Ρ Π³ΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΈ ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π΅Ρ Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ Ρ ΠΎΠ·ΡΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΎ.
Bourgeois Socialism attains adequate expression when, and only when, it becomes a mere figure of speech.
Π‘Π°ΠΌΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ΅Π΅ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ΅Π±Ρ Π²ΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π±ΡΡΠΆΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌ Π½Π°Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ³Π΄Π°, ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠΎΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ.
Free trade: for the benefit of the working class. Protective duties: for the benefit of the working class. Prison Reform: for the benefit of the working class. This is the last word and the only seriously meant word of bourgeois socialism.
Π‘Π²ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π°Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠ³ΠΎΠ²Π»Ρ! Π²Β ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠ°; ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΠ½Ρ! Π²Β ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠ°; ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΡΡΠΌΡ! Π²Β ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠ°Β β Π²ΠΎΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π½Π΅Π΅, Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ·, ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎ Π±ΡΡΠΆΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ°.
It is summed up in the phrase: the bourgeois is a bourgeois β for the benefit of the working class.
Π‘ΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌ Π±ΡΡΠΆΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠ°Π· Π² ΡΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ, ΡΡΠΎ Π±ΡΡΠΆΡΠ° ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ Π±ΡΡΠΆΡΠ°,Β β Π² ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠ°.
3. Critical-Utopian Socialism and Communism
3.Β ΠΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ-ΡΡΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌ ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌ
We do not here refer to that literature which, in every great modern revolution, has always given voice to the demands of the proletariat, such as the writings of Babeuf and others.
ΠΡ Π½Π΅ Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈΠΌ Π·Π΄Π΅ΡΡ ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΉ Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ΅, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ Π²ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅Ρ Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΡ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ Π²ΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ°Π»Π° ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ°ΡΠ° (ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΠ°Π±ΡΡΠ° ΠΈ Ρ.Β Π΄.).
The first direct attempts of the proletariat to attain its own ends, made in times of universal excitement, when feudal society was being overthrown, necessarily failed, owing to the then undeveloped state of the proletariat, as well as to the absence of the economic conditions for its emancipation, conditions that had yet to be produced, and could be produced by the impending bourgeois epoch alone.
ΠΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ°ΡΠ° Π½Π΅ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡ Π²ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π±ΡΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, Π² ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄ Π½ΠΈΡΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΎΠ΄Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°, Π½Π΅ΠΈΠ·Π±Π΅ΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΏΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΊΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π΅ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ°ΡΠ°, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡΡΡΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΉ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ²ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΡΠΈ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΎΠΌ Π±ΡΡΠΆΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΏΠΎΡ ΠΈ.
The revolutionary literature that accompanied these first movements of the proletariat had necessarily a reactionary character. It inculcated universal asceticism and social levelling in its crudest form.
Π Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½Π°Ρ Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ°, ΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π°Π²ΡΠ°Ρ ΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ°ΡΠ°, ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π΅ΠΈΠ·Π±Π΅ΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ. ΠΠ½Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅Ρ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΠΉ Π°ΡΠΊΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΌ ΠΈ Π³ΡΡΠ±ΡΡ ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ.
The Socialist and Communist systems, properly so called, those of Saint-Simon, Fourier, Owen, and others, spring into existence in the early undeveloped period, described above, of the struggle between proletariat and bourgeoisie (see Section I. Bourgeois and Proletarians).
Π‘ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ, ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π‘Π΅Π½-Π‘ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ½Π°, Π€ΡΡΡΠ΅, ΠΡΡΠ½Π° ΠΈ Ρ.Β Π΄., Π²ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΡ Π² ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΠΉ, Π½Π΅ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΡΠΉ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄ Π±ΠΎΡΡΠ±Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ°ΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ Π±ΡΡΠΆΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ, ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΠΆΡΠ½Π½ΡΠΉ Π½Π°ΠΌΠΈ Π²ΡΡΠ΅ (ΡΠΌ. Β«ΠΡΡΠΆΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ°ΡΒ»).
The founders of these systems see, indeed, the class antagonisms, as well as the action of the decomposing elements in the prevailing form of society. But the proletariat, as yet in its infancy, offers to them the spectacle of a class without any historical initiative or any independent political movement.
ΠΠ·ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΡΡΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ, ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π΄Π°, Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΎΠ², ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΆΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π³ΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°. ΠΠΎ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ Π½Π΅ Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ°ΡΠ° Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΅ΠΌΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ.
Since the development of class antagonism keeps even pace with the development of industry, the economic situation, as they find it, does not as yet offer to them the material conditions for the emancipation of the proletariat. They therefore search after a new social science, after new social laws, that are to create these conditions.
Π’Π°ΠΊ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π½ΡΠ°Π³ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° ΠΈΠ΄ΡΡ ΡΡΠΊΠ° ΠΎΠ± ΡΡΠΊΡ Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΡΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΆΠ΅ Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ Π΅ΡΡ Π½Π°ΠΉΡΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ²ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΈ ΠΈΡΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π½Π°ΡΠΊΠΈ, ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ², ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π»ΠΈ Π±Ρ ΡΡΠΈ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ.
Historical action is to yield to their personal inventive action; historically created conditions of emancipation to fantastic ones; and the gradual, spontaneous class organisation of the proletariat to an organisation of society especially contrived by these inventors.
ΠΠ΅ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Π° Π·Π°Π½ΡΡΡ ΠΈΡ Π»ΠΈΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠΊΠ°Ρ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ, ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ²ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡΒ β ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ, ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉΡΡ Π²ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ΄ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ°ΡΠ° Π² ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΒ β ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΌΠ°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΡ.
Future history resolves itself, in their eyes, into the propaganda and the practical carrying out of their social plans.
ΠΠ°Π»ΡΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡΠ°Ρ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡ Π²ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΌΠΈΡΠ° ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΠ°Π³Π°Π½Π΄Π΅ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ΠΎΠ².
In the formation of their plans, they are conscious of caring chiefly for the interests of the working class, as being the most suffering class. Only from the point of view of being the most suffering class does the proletariat exist for them.
ΠΡΠ°Π²Π΄Π°, ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ Π² ΡΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈΡ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½Π°Ρ Π·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ Π³Π»Π°Π²Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠ° ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΡΡΡΠ°Π΄Π°ΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠ°. Π’ΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Π² ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΡΡΡΠ°Π΄Π°ΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠ° ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ°Ρ.
The undeveloped state of the class struggle, as well as their own surroundings, causes Socialists of this kind to consider themselves far superior to all class antagonisms.
ΠΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ Π½Π΅ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ° ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π±ΠΎΡΡΠ±Ρ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π² ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡ ΠΊ ΡΠΎΠΌΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π±Ρ ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎ Π½Π°Π΄ ΡΡΠΈΠΌ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠΌ Π°Π½ΡΠ°Π³ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΌ.
They want to improve the condition of every member of society, even that of the most favoured. Hence, they habitually appeal to society at large, without the distinction of class; nay, by preference, to the ruling class.
ΠΠ½ΠΈ Ρ ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ² ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°, Π΄Π°ΠΆΠ΅ Π½Π°Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠΈΡ ΡΡ Π² ΡΠ°ΠΌΡΡ Π»ΡΡΡΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ . ΠΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½Π½ΠΎ Π°ΠΏΠ΅Π»Π»ΠΈΡΡΡΡ ΠΊΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Ρ Π±Π΅Π· ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΈ Π΄Π°ΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΈΠΌΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΒ β ΠΊ Π³ΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΡ.
For how can people, when once they understand their system, fail to see in it the best possible plan of the best possible state of society?
ΠΠΎ ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡ ΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΡΡ Π΅Ρ ΡΠ°ΠΌΡΠΌ Π»ΡΡΡΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π»ΡΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ· Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ².
Hence, they reject all political, and especially all revolutionary action; they wish to attain their ends by peaceful means, necessarily doomed to failure, and by the force of example, to pave the way for the new social Gospel.
ΠΠ½ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ³Π°ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ Π²ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅, ΠΈ Π² ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π²ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ΅, Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅; ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ Ρ ΠΎΡΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠ³Π½ΡΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΌΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΏΡΡΡΠΌ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅Π»ΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ, Π½Π΅ ΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΠΈΡ ΡΡ ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠΎΠ², ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ³Ρ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌΡ Π΅Π²Π°Π½Π³Π΅Π»ΠΈΡ.
Such fantastic pictures of future society, painted at a time when the proletariat is still in a very undeveloped state and has but a fantastic conception of its own position, correspond with the first instinctive yearnings of that class for a general reconstruction of society.
ΠΡΠΎ ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π±ΡΠ΄ΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° Π²ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π΅Ρ Π² ΡΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ, ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ°Ρ Π΅ΡΡ Π½Π°Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΡ Π² ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Π½Π΅ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡ ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΅ΡΡ ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ, ΠΎΠ½ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π΅Ρ ΠΈΠ· ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΊ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°.
But these Socialist and Communist publications contain also a critical element. They attack every principle of existing society. Hence, they are full of the most valuable materials for the enlightenment of the working class.
ΠΠΎ Π² ΡΡΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡ. ΠΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π°ΠΏΠ°Π΄Π°ΡΡ Π½Π° Π²ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Ρ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°. ΠΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ Π΄Π°Π»ΠΈ Π² Π²ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π» Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΈΡ .
The practical measures proposed in them β such as the abolition of the distinction between town and country, of the family, of the carrying on of industries for the account of private individuals, and of the wage system, the proclamation of social harmony, the conversion of the function of the state into a more superintendence of production β all these proposals point solely to the disappearance of class antagonisms which were, at that time, only just cropping up, and which, in these publications, are recognised in their earliest indistinct and undefined forms only.
ΠΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ Π½Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π±ΡΠ΄ΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°, Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅Π²Π½Π΅ΠΉ, ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠΈ, ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π½Π°ΠΆΠΈΠ²Ρ, Π½Π°ΡΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ΄Π°, ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ·Π³Π»Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π³Π°ΡΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΈ, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²Π° Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ,Β β Π²ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π²ΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ°ΡΡ Π»ΠΈΡΡ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΡΡΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π»Π° ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΈ Π±ΡΠ»Π° ΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ½Π° ΠΈΠΌ Π»ΠΈΡΡ Π² Π΅Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π±Π΅ΡΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ.
These proposals, therefore, are of a purely Utopian character.
ΠΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ Π΅ΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Ρ Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅Ρ.
The significance of Critical-Utopian Socialism and Communism bears an inverse relation to historical development. In proportion as the modern class struggle develops and takes definite shape, this fantastic standing apart from the contest, these fantastic attacks on it, lose all practical value and all theoretical justification.
ΠΠ½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ-ΡΡΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° ΡΡΠΎΠΈΡ Π² ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΊ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ. ΠΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π΅Ρ Π²ΡΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΡ Π±ΠΎΡΡΠ±Π° ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΎΠ², ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π²ΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΡ Π½Π°Π΄ Π½Π΅ΠΉ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΅Ρ ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΡΡΡΠΌ Π»ΠΈΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π²ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΌΡΡΠ»Π° ΠΈ Π²ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΡ.
Therefore, although the originators of these systems were, in many respects, revolutionary, their disciples have, in every case, formed mere reactionary sects. They hold fast by the original views of their masters, in opposition to the progressive historical development of the proletariat.
ΠΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ, Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΡΡΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΈ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π²ΠΎ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½Ρ, ΡΠΎ ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π²ΡΠ΅Π³Π΄Π° ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡ. ΠΠ½ΠΈ ΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΏΠΊΠΎ Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π·ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈΡ ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ, Π½Π΅Π²Π·ΠΈΡΠ°Ρ Π½Π° Π΄Π°Π»ΡΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡΠ΅Π΅ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ°ΡΠ°.
They, therefore, endeavour, and that consistently, to deaden the class struggle and to reconcile the class antagonisms.
ΠΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ Π²Π½ΠΎΠ²Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠΏΠΈΡΡ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ Π±ΠΎΡΡΠ±Ρ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ.
They still dream of experimental realisation of their social Utopias, of founding isolated βphalansteresβ, of establishing βHome Coloniesβ, or setting up a βLittle Icariaβ β duodecimo editions of the New Jerusalem β and to realise all these castles in the air, they are compelled to appeal to the feelings and purses of the bourgeois.
ΠΠ½ΠΈ Π²ΡΡ Π΅ΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΎΠ± ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ, ΠΏΡΡΡΠΌ ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠΎΠ², ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ ΡΡΠΎΠΏΠΈΠΉ, ΠΎΠ± ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠ°Π»Π°Π½ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ², ΠΎΠ± ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΉ [Β«Home-coloniesΒ»], ΠΎΠ± ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΠΌΠ°Π»Π΅Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈΒ β ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΌΠ°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠΌΠ°,Β β ΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π²ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΡΠΈΡ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ Π·Π°ΠΌΠΊΠΎΠ² Π²ΡΠ½ΡΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΊ ΡΠΈΠ»Π°Π½ΡΡΠΎΠΏΠΈΠΈ Π±ΡΡΠΆΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΄Π΅Ρ ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠΊΠΎΠ².
By degrees, they sink into the category of the reactionary [or] conservative Socialists depicted above, differing from these only by more systematic pedantry, and by their fanatical and superstitious belief in the miraculous effects of their social science.
ΠΠ½ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡΡ Π² ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΡ Π²ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ², ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΎΡ Π½ΠΈΡ Π»ΠΈΡΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΠ΅Π΄Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π²Π΅ΡΠΎΠΉ Π² ΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ ΡΠΈΠ»Ρ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π½Π°ΡΠΊΠΈ.
They, therefore, violently oppose all political action on the part of the working class; such action, according to them, can only result from blind unbelief in the new Gospel.
ΠΠΎΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ Ρ ΠΎΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π²ΡΡΡΡΠΏΠ°ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ² Π²ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΈΡ , Π²ΡΠ·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΠΏΠΎ ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΏΡΠΌ Π½Π΅Π²Π΅ΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π² Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ Π΅Π²Π°Π½Π³Π΅Π»ΠΈΠ΅.
The Owenites in England, and the Fourierists in France, respectively, oppose the Chartists and the RΓ©formistes.
ΠΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡΡΡ Π² ΠΠ½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΡ Π²ΠΎ Π€ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΈΠΈ Π²ΡΡΡΡΠΏΠ°ΡΡΒ β ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ² ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ², Π²ΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ² ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ².
IV. Position of the Communists in Relation to the Various Existing Opposition Parties
4.Β ΠΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΊ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΎΠΏΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠΌ
Section II has made clear the relations of the Communists to the existing working-class parties, such as the Chartists in England and the Agrarian Reformers in America.
ΠΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ Π² ΡΠ°Π·Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅ II, ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΊ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ²ΡΠΈΠΌΡΡ ΡΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠΌ, Ρ.Β Π΅. ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΠΌ Π² ΠΠ½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΊ ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌ Π°Π³ΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΡΠΌΡ Π² Π‘Π΅Π²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅.
The Communists fight for the attainment of the immediate aims, for the enforcement of the momentary interests of the working class; but in the movement of the present, they also represent and take care of the future of that movement.
ΠΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΡΡΡ Π±ΠΎΡΡΡΡΡ Π²ΠΎ ΠΈΠΌΡ Π±Π»ΠΈΠΆΠ°ΠΉΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠ°, Π½ΠΎ Π² ΡΠΎ ΠΆΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π² Π΄Π²ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡΠ½Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π΄Π½Ρ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΈ Π±ΡΠ΄ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ.
In France, the Communists ally with the Social-Democrats against the conservative and radical bourgeoisie, reserving, however, the right to take up a critical position in regard to phases and illusions traditionally handed down from the great Revolution.
ΠΠΎ Π€ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΈΠΈ, Π² Π±ΠΎΡΡΠ±Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ² ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π±ΡΡΠΆΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΡΠΊΠ°ΡΡ ΠΊ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎ-Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠΈ, Π½Π΅ ΠΎΡΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π΅ ΠΎΡ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΡΡ ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΊ ΡΡΠ°Π·Π°ΠΌ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ»Π»ΡΠ·ΠΈΡΠΌ, ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠΌ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ.
In Switzerland, they support the Radicals, without losing sight of the fact that this party consists of antagonistic elements, partly of Democratic Socialists, in the French sense, partly of radical bourgeois.
Π Π¨Π²Π΅ΠΉΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ², Π½Π΅ ΡΠΏΡΡΠΊΠ°Ρ, ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ, ΠΈΠ· Π²ΠΈΠ΄Ρ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΡΠ° ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ· ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ²ΡΡ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ², ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ· Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ² Π²ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠΈΠ»Π΅, ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ Π±ΡΡΠΆΡΠ°.
In Poland, they support the party that insists on an agrarian revolution as the prime condition for national emancipation, that party which fomented the insurrection of Cracow in 1846.
Π‘ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ ΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡ Π°Π³ΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ²ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΌΡΡ ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ Π²ΡΠ·Π²Π°Π»Π° ΠΊΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ 1846 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°.