ĐĐœĐłĐ»ŃĐčŃĐșа-ŃŃĐ°ĐœŃŃĐ·ŃĐșĐ°Ń ĐșĐœŃга-бŃĐ»ŃĐœĐłĐČа
Men come forth and live; they enter (again) and die.
Of every ten three are ministers of life (to themselves); and three are ministers of death.
There are also three in every ten whose aim is to live, but whose movements tend to the land (or place) of death. And for what reason? Because of their excessive endeavours to perpetuate life.
But I have heard that he who is skilful in managing the life entrusted to him for a time travels on the land without having to shun rhinoceros or tiger, and enters a host without having to avoid buff coat or sharp weapon. The rhinoceros finds no place in him into which to thrust its horn, nor the tiger a place in which to fix its claws, nor the weapon a place to admit its point. And for what reason? Because there is in him no place of death.
Lâhomme sort de la vie pour entrer dans la mort.
Il y a treize causes de vie et treize causes de mort.
Ă peine est-il nĂ© que ces treize causes de mort lâentraĂźnent rapidement au trĂ©pas.
Quelle en est la raison? Câest quâil veut vivre avec trop dâintensitĂ©.
Or jâai appris que celui qui sait gouverner sa vie ne craint sur sa route ni le rhinocĂ©ros, ni le tigre.
Sâil entre dans une armĂ©e, il nâa besoin ni de cuirasse, ni dâarmes.
Le rhinocĂ©ros ne saurait oĂč le frapper de sa corne, le tigre oĂč le dĂ©chirer de ses ongles, le soldat oĂč le percer de son glaive.
Quelle en est la cause? Il est Ă lâabri de la mort!
51
Chapitre LI
All things are produced by the Tao, and nourished by its outflowing operation. They receive their forms according to the nature of each, and are completed according to the circumstances of their condition. Therefore all things without exception honour the Tao, and exalt its outflowing operation.
This honouring of the Tao and exalting of its operation is not the result of any ordination, but always a spontaneous tribute.
Thus it is that the Tao produces (all things), nourishes them, brings them to their full growth, nurses them, completes them, matures them, maintains them, and overspreads them.
It produces them and makes no claim to the possession of them; it carries them through their processes and does not vaunt its ability in doing so; it brings them to maturity and exercises no control over them;âthis is called its mysterious operation.
Le Tao produit les ĂȘtres, la Vertu les nourrit. Ils leur donnent un corps et les perfectionnent par une secrĂšte impulsion.
Câest pourquoi tous les ĂȘtres rĂ©vĂšrent le Tao et honorent la Vertu.
Personne nâa confĂ©rĂ© au Tao sa dignitĂ©, ni Ă la Vertu sa noblesse: ils les possĂšdent Ă©ternellement en eux-mĂȘmes.
Câest pourquoi le Tao produit les ĂȘtres, les nourrit, les fait croĂźtre, les perfectionne, les mĂ»rit, les alimente, les protĂšge.
Il les produit et ne se les approprie point; il les fait ce quâils sont et ne sâen glorifie point; il rĂšgne sur eux et les laisse libres.
Câest lĂ ce quâon appelle une vertu profonde.
52
Chapitre LII
(The Tao) which originated all under the sky is to be considered as the mother of them all.
When the mother is found, we know what her children should be. When one knows that he is his motherâs child, and proceeds to guard (the qualities of) the mother that belong to him, to the end of his life he will be free from all peril.
Let him keep his mouth closed, and shut up the portals (of his nostrils), and all his life he will be exempt from laborious exertion. Let him keep his mouth open, and (spend his breath) in the promotion of his affairs, and all his life there will be no safety for him.
The perception of what is small is (the secret of clear-sightedness; the guarding of what is soft and tender is (the secret of) strength.
Who uses well his light,
Reverting to its (source so) bright,
Will from his body ward all blight,
And hides the unchanging from menâs sight.
Le principe du monde est devenu la mĂšre du monde.
DĂšs qulon possĂšde la mĂšre, on connaĂźt ses enfants.
DĂšs que lâhomme connaĂźt les enfants et quâil conserve leur mĂšre, jusquâĂ la fin de sa vie il nâest exposĂ© Ă aucun danger.
Sâil clot sa bouche, sâil ferme ses oreilles et ses yeux, jusquâau terme de ses jours, il nâĂ©prouvera aucune fatigue.
Mais sâil ouvre sa bouche et augmente ses dĂ©sirs, jusquâĂ la fin de sa vie, il ne pourra ĂȘtre sauvĂ©.
Celui qui voit les choses les plus subtiles sâappelle Ă©clairĂ©; celui qui conserve la faiblesse sâappelle fort.
Sâil fait usage de lâĂ©clat (du Tao) et revient Ă sa lumiĂšre, son corps nâaura plus Ă craindre aucune calamitĂ©.
Câest lĂ ce quâon appelle ĂȘtre doublement Ă©clairĂ©.
53
Chapitre LIII
If I were suddenly to become known, and (put into a position to) conduct (a government) according to the Great Tao, what I should be most afraid of would be a boastful display.
The great Tao (or way) is very level and easy; but people love the by-ways.
Their court(-yards and buildings) shall be well kept, but their fields shall be ill-cultivated, and their granaries very empty. They shall wear elegant and ornamented robes, carry a sharp sword at their girdle, pamper themselves in eating and drinking, and have a superabundance of property and wealth;âsuch (princes) may be called robbers and boasters. This is contrary to the Tao surely!
Si jâĂ©tais douĂ© de quelque connaissance, je marcherais dans la grande Voie.
La seule chose que je craigne, câest dâagir.
La grande Voie est trĂšs-unie, mais le peuple aime les sentiers.
Si les palais sont trĂšs-brillants, les champs sont trĂšs-incultes, et les greniers trĂšs-vides.
Les princes sâhabillent de riches Ă©toffes; ils portent un glaive tranchant; ils se rassasient de mets exquis; ils regorgent de richesses.
Câest ce quâon appelle se glorifier du vol; ce nâest point pratiquer le Tao.
54
Chapitre LIV
What (Taoâs) skilful planter plants
Can never be uptorn;
What his skilful arms enfold,
From him can neâer be borne.
Sons shall bring in lengthening line,
Sacrifices to his shrine.
Tao when nursed within oneâs self,
His vigour will make true;
And where the family it rules
What riches will accrue!
The neighbourhood where it prevails
In thriving will abound;
And when âtis seen throughout the state,
Good fortune will be found.
Employ it the kingdom oâer,
And men thrive all around.
In this way the effect will be seen in the person, by the observation of different cases; in the family; in the neighbourhood; in the state; and in the kingdom.
How do I know that this effect is sure to hold thus all under the sky? By this (method of observation).
Celui qui sait fonder ne craint point la destruction;
celui qui sait conserver ne craint point de perdre.
Ses fils et ses petits-fils lui offriront des sacrifices sans interruption.
Si (lâhomme) cultive le Tao au dedans de lui-mĂȘme, sa vertu deviendra sincĂšre.
Sâil le cultive dans sa famille, sa vertu deviendra surabondante.
Sâil le cultive dans le village, sa vertu deviendra Ă©tendue.
Sâil le cultive dans le royaume, sa vertu deviendra florissante.
Sâil le cultive dans lâempire, sa vertu deviendra universelle.
Câest pourquoi, dâaprĂšs moi-mĂȘme, je juge des autres hommes; dâaprĂšs une famille, je juge des autres familles; dâaprĂšs un village, je juge des autres villages; dâaprĂšs un royaume, je juge des autres royaumes; dâaprĂšs lâempire, je juge de lâempire.
Comment sais-je quâil en est ainsi de lâempire? Câest uniquement par lĂ .
55
Chapitre LV
He who has in himself abundantly the attributes (of the Tao) is like an infant. Poisonous insects will not sting him; fierce beasts will not seize him; birds of prey will not strike him.
(The infantâs) bones are weak and its sinews soft, but yet its grasp is firm. It knows not yet the union of male and female, and yet its virile member may be excited;âshowing the perfection of its physical essence. All day long it will cry without its throat becoming hoarse;âshowing the harmony (in its constitution).
To him by whom this harmony is known,
(The secret of) the unchanging (Tao) is shown,
And in the knowledge wisdom finds its throne.
All life-increasing arts to evil turn;
Where the mind makes the vital breath to burn,
(False) is the strength, (and oâer it we should mourn.)
When things have become strong, they (then) become old, which may be said to be contrary to the Tao. Whatever is contrary to the Tao soon ends.
Celui qui possĂšde une vertu solide ressemble Ă un nouveau-nĂ© qui ne craint ni la piqĂ»re des animaux venimeux, ni les grilles des bĂȘtes fĂ©roces, ni les serres des oiseaux de proie.
Ses os sont faibles, ses nerfs sont mous, et cependant il saisit fortement les objets.
Il ne connaĂźt pas encore lâunion des deux sexes, et cependant certaines parties (de son corps) Ă©prouvent un orgasme viril. Cela vient de la perfection du semen.
Il crie tout le jour et sa voix ne sâaltĂšre point; cela vient de la perfection de lâharmonie (de la force vitale).
ConnaĂźtre lâharmonie sâappelle ĂȘtre constant.
ConnaĂźtre la constance sâappelle ĂȘtre Ă©clairĂ©.
Augmenter sa vie sâappelle une calamitĂ©.
Quand le cĆur donne lâimpulsion Ă lâĂ©nergie vitale, cela sâappelle ĂȘtre fort.
DĂšs que les ĂȘtres sont devenus robustes, ils vieillissent.
Câest ce quâon appelle ne pas imiter le Tao.
Celui qui nâimite pas le Tao pĂ©rit de bonne heure.
56
Chapitre LVI
He who knows (the Tao) does not (care to) speak (about it); he who is (ever ready to) speak about it does not know it.
He (who knows it) will keep his mouth shut and close the portals (of his nostrils). He will blunt his sharp points and unravel the complications of things; he will attemper his brightness, and bring himself into agreement with the obscurity (of others). This is called âthe Mysterious Agreement.â
(Such an one) cannot be treated familiarly or distantly; he is beyond all consideration of profit or injury; of nobility or meanness:âhe is the noblest man under heaven.
Lâhomme qui connaĂźt (le Tao) ne parle pas; celui qui parle ne le connaĂźt pas.
Il clot sa bouche, il ferme ses oreilles et ses yeux, il Ă©mousse son activitĂ©, il se dĂ©gage de tous liens, il tempĂšre sa lumiĂšre (intĂ©rieure), il sâassimile au vulgaire. On peut dire quâil ressemble au Tao.
Il est inaccessible Ă la faveur comme Ă la disgrĂące, au profit comme au dĂ©triment, aux honneurs comme Ă lâignominie.
Câest pourquoi il est lâhomme le plus honorable de lâunivers.
57
Chapitre LVII
A state may be ruled by (measures of) correction; weapons of war may be used with crafty dexterity; (but) the kingdom is made oneâs own (only) by freedom from action and purpose.
How do I know that it is so? By these facts:âIn the kingdom the multiplication of prohibitive enactments increases the poverty of the people; the more implements to add to their profit that the people have, the greater disorder is there in the state and clan; the more acts of crafty dexterity that men possess, the more do strange contrivances appear; the more display there is of legislation, the more thieves and robbers there are.
Therefore a sage has said, âI will do nothing (of purpose), and the people will be transformed of themselves; I will be fond of keeping still, and the people will of themselves become correct. I will take no trouble about it, and the people will of themselves become rich; I will manifest no ambition, and the people will of themselves attain to the primitive simplicity.â
Avec la droiture, on gouverne le royaume; avec la ruse, on fait la guerre; avec le non-agir, on devient le maĂźtre de lâempire.
Comment sais-je quâil en est ainsi de lâempire? Par ceci.
Plus le roi multiplie les prohibitions et les dĂ©fenses, et plus le peuple sâappauvrit;
Plus le peuple a dâinstruments de lucre, et plus le royaume se trouble;
Plus le peuple a dâadresse et dâhabiletĂ© et plus lâon voit fabriquer dâobjets bizarres;
Plus les lois se manifestent, et plus les voleurs sâaccroissent.
Câest pourquoi le Saint dit: Je pratique le non-agir, et le peuple se convertit de lui-mĂȘme.
Jâaime la quiĂ©tude, et le peuple se rectifie de lui-mĂȘme.
Je mâabstiens de toute occupation, et le peuple sâenrichit de lui-mĂȘme.
Je me dĂ©gage de tous dĂ©sirs, et le peuple revient de lui-mĂȘme Ă la simplicitĂ©.
58
Chapitre LVIII
The government that seems the most unwise,
Oft goodness to the people best supplies;
That which is meddling, touching everything,
Will work but ill, and disappointment bring.
Misery!âhappiness is to be found by its side! Happiness!âmisery lurks beneath it! Who knows what either will come to in the end?
Shall we then dispense with correction? The (method of) correction shall by a turn become distortion, and the good in it shall by a turn become evil. The delusion of the people (on this point) has indeed subsisted for a long time.
Therefore the sage is (like) a square which cuts no one (with its angles); (like) a corner which injures no one (with its sharpness). He is straightforward, but allows himself no license; he is bright, but does not dazzle.
Lorsque lâadministration (paraĂźt) dĂ©pourvue de lumiĂšres, le peuple devient riche.
Lorsque lâadministration est clairvoyante, le peuple manque de tout.
Le bonheur naßt du malheur, le malheur est caché au sein du bonheur. Qui peut en prévoir la fin?
Si le prince nâest pas droit, les hommes droits deviendront trompeurs, et les hommes vertueux, pervers.
Les hommes sont plongĂ©s dans lâerreur, et cela dure depuis bien longtemps!
Câest pourquoi le Saint est juste et ne blesse pas (le peuple).
Il est désintéressé et ne lui fait pas de tort.
Il est droit et ne le redresse pas.
Il est Ă©clairĂ© et ne lâĂ©blouit pas.
59
Chapitre LIX
For regulating the human (in our constitution) and rendering the (proper) service to the heavenly, there is nothing like moderation.
It is only by this moderation that there is effected an early return (to manâs normal state). That early return is what I call the repeated accumulation of the attributes (of the Tao). With that repeated accumulation of those attributes, there comes the subjugation (of every obstacle to such return). Of this subjugation we know not what shall be the limit; and when one knows not what the limit shall be, he may be the ruler of a state.
He who possesses the mother of the state may continue long. His case is like that (of the plant) of which we say that its roots are deep and its flower stalks firm:âthis is the way to secure that its enduring life shall long be seen.
Pour gouverner les hommes et servir le ciel, rien nâest comparable Ă la modĂ©ration.
La modĂ©ration doit ĂȘtre le premier soin de lâhomme.
Quand elle est devenue son premier soin, on peut dire quâil accumule abondamment la vertu.
Quand il accumule abondamment la vertu, il nây a rien dont il ne triomphe.
Quand il nây a rien dont il ne triomphe, personne ne connaĂźt ses limites.
Quand personne ne connaßt ses limites, il peut posséder le royaume.
Celui qui possĂšde la mĂšre du royaume peut subsister longtemps.
Câest ce qu'on appelle avoir des racines profondes et une tige solide.
VoilĂ lâart de vivre longuement et de jouir dâune existence durable.
60
Chapitre LX
Governing a great state is like cooking small fish.
Let the kingdom be governed according to the Tao, and the manes of the departed will not manifest their spiritual energy. It is not that those manes have not that spiritual energy, but it will not be employed to hurt men. It is not that it could not hurt men, but neither does the ruling sage hurt them.
When these two do not injuriously affect each other, their good influences converge in the virtue (of the Tao).
Pour gouverner un grand royaume, (on doit) imiter (celui qui) fait cuire un petit poisson.
Lorsque le prince dirige lâempire par le Tao, les dĂ©mons ne montrent point leur puissance.
Ce nâest point que les dĂ©mons manquent de puissance, câest que les dĂ©mons ne blessent point les hommes.
Ce nâest point que les dĂ©mons ne (puissent) blesser les hommes, câest que le Saint lui-mĂȘme ne blesse point les hommes.
Ni le Saint ni les dĂ©mons ne les blessent; câest pourquoi ils confondent ensemble leur vertu.
61
Chapitre LXI
What makes a great state is its being (like) a low-lying, down- flowing (stream);âit becomes the centre to which tend (all the small states) under heaven.
(To illustrate from) the case of all females:âthe female always overcomes the male by her stillness. Stillness may be considered (a sort of) abasement.
Thus it is that a great state, by condescending to small states, gains them for itself; and that small states, by abasing themselves to a great state, win it over to them. In the one case the abasement leads to gaining adherents, in the other case to procuring favour.
The great state only wishes to unite men together and nourish them; a small state only wishes to be received by, and to serve, the other. Each gets what it desires, but the great state must learn to abase itself.
Un grand royaume (doit sâabaisser comme) les fleuves et les mers, oĂč se rĂ©unissent (toutes les eaux de) lâempire.
Dans le monde, tel est le rĂŽle de la femelle. En restant en repos, elle triomphe constamment du mĂąle. Ce repos est une sorte dâabaissement.
Câest pourquoi, si un grand royaume sâabaisse devant les petits royaumes, il gagnera les petits royaumes.
Si les petits royaumes sâabaissent devant un grand royaume, ils gagneront le grand royaume.
Câest pourquoi les uns sâabaissent pour recevoir, les autres sâabaissent pour ĂȘtre reçus.
Ce que dĂ©sire uniquement un grand royaume, câest de rĂ©unir et de gouverner les autres hommes.
Ce que dĂ©sire uniquement un petit royaume, câest dâĂȘtre admis Ă servir les autres hommes.
Alors tous deux obtiennent ce quâils dĂ©siraient.
Mais les grands doivent sâabaisser!
62
Chapitre LXII
Tao has of all things the most honoured place.
No treasures give good men so rich a grace;
Bad men it guards, and doth their ill efface.
(Its) admirable words can purchase honour; (its) admirable deeds can raise their performer above others. Even men who are not good are not abandoned by it.
Therefore when the sovereign occupies his place as the Son of Heaven, and he has appointed his three ducal ministers, though (a prince) were to send in a round symbol-of-rank large enough to fill both the hands, and that as the precursor of the team of horses (in the court-yard), such an offering would not be equal to (a lesson of) this Tao, which one might present on his knees.
Why was it that the ancients prized this Tao so much? Was it not because it could be got by seeking for it, and the guilty could escape (from the stain of their guilt) by it? This is the reason why all under heaven consider it the most valuable thing.
Le Tao est lâasile de tous les ĂȘtres; câest le trĂ©sor de lâhomme vertueux et lâappui du mĂ©chant.
Les paroles excellentes peuvent faire notre richesse, les actions honorables peuvent nous élever au-dessus des autres.
Si un homme nâest pas vertueux, pourrait-on le repousser avec mĂ©pris?
Câest pour cela quâon avait Ă©tabli un empereur et instituĂ© trois ministres.
Il est beau de tenir devant soi une tablette de jade, ou dâĂȘtre montĂ© sur un quadrige; mais il vaut mieux rester assis pour avancer dans le Tao.
Pourquoi les anciens estimaient-ils le Tao?
Nâest-ce pas parce quâon le trouve naturellement sans le chercher tout le jour? nâest-ce pas parce que les coupables obtiennent par lui la libertĂ© et la vie?
Câest pourquoi (le Tao) est lâĂȘtre le plus estimable du monde.
63
Chapitre LXIII
(It is the way of the Tao) to act without (thinking of) acting; to conduct affairs without (feeling the) trouble of them; to taste without discerning any flavour; to consider what is small as great, and a few as many; and to recompense injury with kindness.
(The master of it) anticipates things that are difficult while they are easy, and does things that would become great while they are small. All difficult things in the world are sure to arise from a previous state in which they were easy, and all great things from one in which they were small. Therefore the sage, while he never does what is great, is able on that account to accomplish the greatest things.
He who lightly promises is sure to keep but little faith; he who is continually thinking things easy is sure to find them difficult. Therefore the sage sees difficulty even in what seems easy, and so never has any difficulties.
(Le sage) pratique le non-agir, il sâoccupe de la non-occupation, et savoure ce qui est sans saveur.
Les choses grandes ou petites, nombreuses ou rares, (sont égales à ses yeux).
Il venge ses injures par des bienfaits.
Il commence par des choses aisĂ©es, lorsquâil en mĂ©dite de difficiles; par de petites choses, lorsquâil en projette de grandes.
Les choses les plus difficiles du monde ont nĂ©cessairement commencĂ© par ĂȘtre aisĂ©es.
Les choses les plus grandes du monde ont nĂ©cessairement commencĂ© par ĂȘtre petites.
De lĂ vient que, jusquâĂ la fin, le Saint ne cherche point Ă faire de grandes choses; câest pourquoi il peut accomplir de grandes choses.
Celui qui promet à la légÚre tient rarement sa parole.
Celui qui trouve beaucoup de choses faciles éprouve nécessairement de nombreuses difficultés.
De lĂ vient que le Saint trouve tout difficile; câest pourquoi, jusquâau terme de sa vie, il nâĂ©prouve nulles difficultĂ©s.
64
Chapitre LXIV
That which is at rest is easily kept hold of; before a thing has given indications of its presence, it is easy to take measures against it; that which is brittle is easily broken; that which is very small is easily dispersed. Action should be taken before a thing has made its appearance; order should be secured before disorder has begun.
The tree which fills the arms grew from the tiniest sprout; the tower of nine storeys rose from a (small) heap of earth; the journey of a thousand li commenced with a single step.
He who acts (with an ulterior purpose) does harm; he who takes hold of a thing (in the same way) loses his hold. The sage does not act (so), and therefore does no harm; he does not lay hold (so), and therefore does not lose his bold. (But) people in their conduct of affairs are constantly ruining them when they are on the eve of success. If they were careful at the end, as (they should be) at the beginning, they would not so ruin them.
Therefore the sage desires what (other men) do not desire, and does not prize things difficult to get; he learns what (other men) do not learn, and turns back to what the multitude of men have passed by. Thus he helps the natural development of all things, and does not dare to act (with an ulterior purpose of his own).
Ce qui est calme est aisé à maintenir; ce qui n'a pas encore paru est aisé à prévenir; ce qui est faible est aisé à briser; ce qui est menu est aisé à disperser.
ArrĂȘtez le mal avant quâil nâexiste; calmez le dĂ©sordre avant quâil n'Ă©clate.
Un arbre dâune grande circonfĂ©rence est nĂ© dâune racine aussi dĂ©liĂ©e quâun cheveu; une tour de neuf Ă©tages est sortie dâune poignĂ©e de terre; un voyage de mille lis a commencĂ© par un pas!
Celu1 qui agit Ă©choue; celui qui sâattache Ă une chose la perd.
De lĂ vient que le Saint nâagit pas, câest pourquoi il n'Ă©choue point.
Il ne sâattache Ă rien, câest pourquoi il ne perd point.
Lorsque le peuple fait une chose, il échoue toujours au moment de réussir.
Soyez attentif Ă la fin comme au commencement, et alors vous nâĂ©chouerez jamais.
De lĂ vient que le Sage fait consister ses dĂ©sirs dans l'absence de tout dĂ©sir. Il nâestime point les biens dâune acquisition difficile.
Il fait consister son Ă©tude dans lâabsence de toute Ă©tude, et se prĂ©serve des fautes des autres hommes.
Il nâose pas agir afin d'aider tous les ĂȘtres Ă suivre leur nature.
65
Chapitre LXV
The ancients who showed their skill in practising the Tao did so, not to enlighten the people, but rather to make them simple and ignorant.
The difficulty in governing the people arises from their having much knowledge. He who (tries to) govern a state by his wisdom is a scourge to it; while he who does not (try to) do so is a blessing.
He who knows these two things finds in them also his model and rule. Ability to know this model and rule constitutes what we call the mysterious excellence (of a governor). Deep and far-reaching is such mysterious excellence, showing indeed its possessor as opposite to others, but leading them to a great conformity to him.
Dans lâantiquitĂ©, ceux qui excellaient Ă pratiquer le Tao ne lâemployaient point Ă Ă©clairer le peuple; ils lâemployaient Ă le rendre simple et ignorant.
Le peuple est difficile Ă gouverner parce quâil a trop de prudence;
Celui qui se sert de la prudence pour gouverner le royaume, est le fléau du royaume.
Celui qui ne se sert pas de la prudence pour gouverner le royaume, fait le bonheur du royaume.
Lorsquâon connaĂźt ces deux choses, on est le modĂšle (de lâempire).
Savoir ĂȘtre le modĂšle (de lâempire), câest ĂȘtre douĂ© dâune vertu cĂ©leste.
Cette vertu céleste est profonde, immense, opposée aux créatures.
Par elle on parvient à procurer une paix générale.
66
Chapitre LXVI
That whereby the rivers and seas are able to receive the homage and tribute of all the valley streams, is their skill in being lower than they;âit is thus that they are the kings of them all. So it is that the sage (ruler), wishing to be above men, puts himself by his words below them, and, wishing to be before them, places his person behind them.
In this way though he has his place above them, men do not feel his weight, nor though he has his place before them, do they feel it an injury to them.
Therefore all in the world delight to exalt him and do not weary of him. Because he does not strive, no one finds it possible to strive with him.
Pourquoi les fleuves et les mers peuvent-ils ĂȘtre les rois de toutes les eaux?
Parce quâils savent se tenir au-dessous dâelles.
Câest pour cela quâils peuvent ĂȘtre les rois de toutes les eaux.
Aussi lorsque le Saint dĂ©sire dâĂȘtre au-dessus du peuple, il faut que, par ses paroles, il se mette au-dessous de lui.
Lorsquâil dĂ©sire dâĂȘtre placĂ© en avant du peuple, il faut que, de sa personne, il se mette aprĂšs lui.
De lĂ vient que le Saint est placĂ© au-dessus de tous et il nâest point Ă charge au peuple; il est placĂ© en avant de tous et le peuple nâen souffre pas.
Aussi tout lâempire aime Ă le servir et ne sâen lasse point.
Comme il ne dispute pas (le premier rang), il nây a personne dans lâempire qui puisse le lui disputer.
67
Chapitre LXVII
All the world says that, while my Tao is great, it yet appears to be inferior (to other systems of teaching). Now it is just its greatness that makes it seem to be inferior. If it were like any other (system), for long would its smallness have been known!
But I have three precious things which I prize and hold fast. The first is gentleness; the second is economy; and the third is shrinking from taking precedence of others.
With that gentleness I can be bold; with that economy I can be liberal; shrinking from taking precedence of others, I can become a vessel of the highest honour. Now-a-days they give up gentleness and are all for being bold; economy, and are all for being liberal; the hindmost place, and seek only to be foremost;â(of all which the end is) death.
Gentleness is sure to be victorious even in battle, and firmly to maintain its ground. Heaven will save its possessor, by his (very) gentleness protecting him.
Dans le monde tous me disent éminent, mais je ressemble à un homme borné.
Câest uniquement parce que je suis Ă©minent, que je ressemble Ă un homme bornĂ©.
Quant Ă (ceux quâon appelle) Ă©clairĂ©s, il y a longtemps que leur mĂ©diocritĂ© est connue!
Je possÚde trois choses précieuses: je les tiens et les conserve comme un trésor.
La premiĂšre sâappelle lâaffection; la seconde sâappelle lâĂ©conomie; la troisiĂšme sâappelle lâhumilitĂ©, qui mâempĂȘche de vouloir ĂȘtre le premier de lâempire.
Jâai de lâaffection, câest pourquoi je puis ĂȘtre courageux.
Jâai de lâĂ©conomie, câest pourquoi je puis faire de grandes dĂ©penses.
Je nâose ĂȘtre le premier de lâempire, câest pourquoi je puis devenir le chef de tous les hommes.
Mais aujourdâhui on laisse lâaffection pour sâabandonner au courage; on laisse lâĂ©conomie our se livrer a de grandes dĂ©penses; on laisse le dernier rang pour rechercher le premier:
VoilĂ ce qui conduit Ă la mort.
Si lâon combat avec un cĆur rempli dâaffection, on remporte la victoire; si lâon dĂ©fend (une ville), elle est inexpugnable.
Quand le ciel veut sauver un homme, il lui donne lâaffection pour le protĂ©ger.
68
Chapitre LXVIII
He who in (Taoâs) wars has skill
Assumes no martial port;
He who fights with most good will
To rage makes no resort.
He who vanquishes yet still
Keeps from his foes apart;
He whose hests men most fulfil
Yet humbly plies his art.
Thus we say, âHe neâer contends,
And therein is his might.â
Thus we say, âMenâs wills he bends,
That they with him unite.â
Thus we say, âLike Heavenâs his ends,
No sage of old more bright.â
Celui qui excelle Ă commander une armĂ©e, nâa pas une ardeur belliqueuse.
Celui qui excelle Ă combattre ne se laisse pas aller Ă la colĂšre.
Celui qui excelle Ă vaincre ne lutte pas.
Celui qui excelle Ă employer les hommes se met au-dessous dâeux.
Câest lĂ ce quâon appelle possĂ©der la vertu qui consiste Ă ne point lutter.
Câest ce quâon appelle savoir se servir des forces des hommes.
Câest ce quâon appelle sâunir au ciel.
Telle était la science sublime des anciens.
69
Chapitre LXIX
A master of the art of war has said, âI do not dare to be the host (to commence the war); I prefer to be the guest (to act on the defensive). I do not dare to advance an inch; I prefer to retire a foot.â This is called marshalling the ranks where there are no ranks; baring the arms (to fight) where there are no arms to bare; grasping the weapon where there is no weapon to grasp; advancing against the enemy where there is no enemy.
There is no calamity greater than lightly engaging in war. To do that is near losing (the gentleness) which is so precious. Thus it is that when opposing weapons are (actually) crossed, he who deplores (the situation) conquers.
Voici ce que disait un ancien guerrier:
Je nâose donner le signal, jâaime mieux le recevoir.
Je nâose avancer dâun pouce, jâaime mieux reculer dâun pied.
Câest ce qui sâappelle nâavoir pas de rang Ă suivre, de bras Ă Ă©tendre, dâennemis Ă poursuivre, ni dâarme Ă saisir.
Il nây a pas de plus grand malheur que de rĂ©sister Ă la lĂ©gĂšre.
RĂ©sister Ă la lĂ©gĂšre, câest presque perdre notre trĂ©sor.
Aussi, lorsque deux armĂ©es combattent Ă armes Ă©gales, câest lâhomme le plus compatissant qui remporte la victoire.
70
Chapitre LXX
My words are very easy to know, and very easy to practise; but there is no one in the world who is able to know and able to practise them.
There is an originating and all-comprehending (principle) in my words, and an authoritative law for the things (which I enforce). It is because they do not know these, that men do not know me.
They who know me are few, and I am on that account (the more) to be prized. It is thus that the sage wears (a poor garb of) hair cloth, while he carries his (signet of) jade in his bosom.
Mes paroles sont trĂšs-faciles Ă comprendre, trĂšs-faciles Ă pratiquer.
Dans le monde personne ne peut les comprendre, personne ne peut les pratiquer.
Mes paroles ont une origine, mes actions ont une rĂšgle.
Les hommes ne les comprennent pas, câest pour cela quâils mâignorent.
Ceux qui me comprennent sont bien rares. Je nâen suis que plus estimĂ©.
De lĂ vient que le Saint se revĂȘt dâhabits grossiers et cache des pierres prĂ©cieuses dans son sein.
71
Chapitre LXXI
To know and yet (think) we do not know is the highest (attainment); not to know (and yet think) we do know is a disease.
It is simply by being pained at (the thought of) having this disease that we are preserved from it. The sage has not the disease. He knows the pain that would be inseparable from it, and therefore he does not have it.
Savoir et (croire quâon) ne sait pas, câest le comble du mĂ©rite.
Ne pas savoir et (croire quâon) sait, câest la maladie (des hommes).
Si vous vous affligez de cette maladie vous ne lâĂ©prouverez pas.
Le Saint nâĂ©prouve pas cette maladie, parce quâil sâen afflige.
Voila pourquoi il ne lâĂ©prouve pas.
72
Chapitre LXXII
When the people do not fear what they ought to fear, that which is their great dread will come on them.
Let them not thoughtlessly indulge themselves in their ordinary life; let them not act as if weary of what that life depends on.
It is by avoiding such indulgence that such weariness does not arise.
Therefore the sage knows (these things) of himself, but does not parade (his knowledge); loves, but does not (appear to set a) value on, himself. And thus he puts the latter alternative away and makes choice of the former.
Lorsque le peuple ne craint pas les choses redoutables, ce quâil y a de plus redoutable (la mort) vient fondre sur lui.
Gardez-vous de vous trouver Ă lâĂ©troit dans votre demeure, gardez-vous de vous dĂ©goĂ»ter de votre sort.
Je ne me dĂ©goĂ»te point du mien, câest pourquoi il ne mâinspire point de dĂ©goĂ»t.
De lĂ vient que le Saint se connaĂźt lui-mĂȘme et ne se met point en lumiĂšre; il se mĂ©nage et ne se prise point.
Câest pourquoi il laisse ceci et adopte cela.
73
Chapitre LXXIII
He whose boldness appears in his daring (to do wrong, in defiance of the laws) is put to death; he whose boldness appears in his not daring (to do so) lives on. Of these two cases the one appears to be advantageous, and the other to be injurious. But
When Heavenâs anger smites a man,
Who the cause shall truly scan?
On this account the sage feels a difficulty (as to what to do in the former case).
It is the way of Heaven not to strive, and yet it skilfully overcomes; not to speak, and yet it is skilful in (obtaining a reply; does not call, and yet men come to it of themselves. Its demonstrations are quiet, and yet its plans are skilful and effective. The meshes of the net of Heaven are large; far apart, but letting nothing escape.
Celui qui met son courage Ă oser, trouve la mort.
Celui qui met son courage Ă ne pas oser, trouve la vie.
De ces deux choses, lâune est utile, lâautre est nuisible.
Lorsque le ciel dĂ©teste quelquâun, qui est-ce qui pourrait sonder ses motifs?
Câest pourquoi le Saint se dĂ©cide difficilement Ă agir.
Telle est la voie (la conduite) du ciel.
Il ne lutte point, et il sait remporter la victoire.
Il ne parle point, et (les ĂȘtres) savent lui obĂ©ir.
Il ne les appelle pas, et ils accourent dâeux-mĂȘmes.
Il paraĂźt lent, et il sait former des plans habiles.
Le filet du ciel est immense; ses mailles sont Ă©cartĂ©es et cependant personne nâĂ©chappe.
74
Chapitre LXXIV
The people do not fear death; to what purpose is it to (try to) frighten them with death? If the people were always in awe of death, and I could always seize those who do wrong, and put them to death, who would dare to do wrong?
There is always One who presides over the infliction death. He who would inflict death in the room of him who so presides over it may be described as hewing wood instead of a great carpenter. Seldom is it that he who undertakes the hewing, instead of the great carpenter, does not cut his own hands!
Lorsque le peuple ne craint pas la mort, comment lâeffrayer par la menace de la mort?
Si le peuple craint constamment la mort, et que quelquâun fasse le mal, je puis le saisir et le tuer, et alors qui osera (lâimiter)?
Il y a constamment un magistrat suprĂȘme qui inflige la mort.
Si lâon veut remplacer ce magistrat suprĂȘme, et infliger soi-mĂȘme la mort, on ressemble Ă un homme (inhabile) qui voudrait tailler le bois Ă la place dâun charpentier.
Lorsqulon veut tailler le bois Ă la place dâun charpentier, il est rare quâon ne se blesse pas les mains.
75
Chapitre LXXV
The people suffer from famine because of the multitude of taxes consumed by their superiors. It is through this that they suffer famine.
The people are difficult to govern because of the (excessive) agency of their superiors (in governing them). It is through this that they are difficult to govern.
The people make light of dying because of the greatness of their labours in seeking for the means of living. It is this which makes them think light of dying. Thus it is that to leave the subject of living altogether out of view is better than to set a high value on it.
Le peuple a faim parce que le prince dĂ©vore une quantitĂ© dâimpĂŽts.
VoilĂ pourquoi il a faim.
Le peuple est difficile Ă gouverner parce que le prince aime Ă agir.
VoilĂ pourquoi il est difficile Ă gouverner.
Le peuple mĂ©prise la mort parce quâil cherche avec trop dâardeur les moyens de vivre.
Voilà pourquoi il méprise la mort.
Mais celui qui ne sâoccupe pas de vivre est plus sage que celui qui estime la vie.
76
Chapitre LXXVI
Man at his birth is supple and weak; at his death, firm and strong. (So it is with) all things. Trees and plants, in their early growth, are soft and brittle; at their death, dry and withered.
Thus it is that firmness and strength are the concomitants of death; softness and weakness, the concomitants of life.
Hence he who (relies on) the strength of his forces does not conquer; and a tree which is strong will fill the out-stretched arms, (and thereby invites the feller.)
Therefore the place of what is firm and strong is below, and that of what is soft and weak is above.
Quand lâhomme vient au monde, il est souple et faible; quand il meurt, il est roide et fort.
Quand les arbres et les plantes naissent, ils sont souples et tendres; quand ils meurent, ils sont secs et arides.
La roideur et la force sont les compagnes de la mort; la souplesse et la faiblesse sont les compagnes de la vie.
Câest pourquoi, lorsquâune armĂ©e est forte, elle ne remporte pas la victoire.
Lorsquâun arbre est devenu fort, on lâabat.
Ce qui est fort et grand occupe le rang inférieur; ce qui est souple et faible occupe le rang supérieur.
77
Chapitre LXXVII
May not the Way (or Tao) of Heaven be compared to the (method of) bending a bow? The (part of the bow) which was high is brought low, and what was low is raised up. (So Heaven) diminishes where there is superabundance, and supplements where there is deficiency.
It is the Way of Heaven to diminish superabundance, and to supplement deficiency. It is not so with the way of man. He takes away from those who have not enough to add to his own superabundance.
Who can take his own superabundance and therewith serve all under heaven? Only he who is in possession of the Tao!
Therefore the (ruling) sage acts without claiming the results as his; he achieves his merit and does not rest (arrogantly) in it:âhe does not wish to display his superiority.
La voie du ciel (câest-Ă -dire le ciel) est comme lâouvrier en arcs, qui abaisse ce qui est Ă©levĂ©, et Ă©lĂšve ce qui est bas; qui ĂŽte le superflu, et supplĂ©e Ă ce qui manque.
Le ciel ĂŽte Ă ceux qui ont du superflu pour aider ceux qui nâont pas assez.
Il nâen est pas ainsi de lâhomme: il ĂŽte Ă ceux qui nâont pas assez pour donner Ă ceux qui ont du superflu.
Quel est celui qui est capable de donner son superflu aux hommes de lâempire? Celui-lĂ seul qui possĂšde le Tao.
Câest pourquoi le Saint fait (le bien) et ne sâen prĂ©vaut point.
Il accomplit de grandes choses et ne sây attache point.
Il ne veut pas laisser voir sa sagesse.
78
Chapitre LXXVIII
There is nothing in the world more soft and weak than water, and yet for attacking things that are firm and strong there is nothing that can take precedence of it;âfor there is nothing (so effectual) for which it can be changed.
Every one in the world knows that the soft overcomes the hard, and the weak the strong, but no one is able to carry it out in practice.
Therefore a sage has said,
âHe who accepts his stateâs reproach,
Is hailed therefore its altarsâ lord;
To him who bears menâs direful woes
They all the name of King accord.â
Words that are strictly true seem to be paradoxical.
Parmi toutes les choses du monde, il nâen est point de plus molle et de plus faible que lâeau, et cependant, pour briser ce qui est dur et fort, rien ne peut lâemporter sur elle.
Pour cela rien ne peut remplacer lâeau.
Ce qui est faible triomphe de ce qui est fort; ce qui est mou triomphe de ce qui est dur.
Dans le monde il nây a personne qui ne connaisse (cette vĂ©ritĂ©), mais personne ne peut la mettre en pratique.
Câest pourquoi le Saint dit: Celui qui supporte les opprobres du royaume devient chef du royaume.
Celui qui supporte les calamitĂ©s du royaume devient le roi de lâempire.
Les paroles droites paraissent contraires (Ă la raison).
79
Chapitre LXXIX
When a reconciliation is effected (between two parties) after a great animosity, there is sure to be a grudge remaining (in the mind of the one who was wrong). And how can this be beneficial (to the other)?
Therefore (to guard against this), the sage keeps the left-hand portion of the record of the engagement, and does not insist on the (speedy) fulfilment of it by the other party. (So), he who has the attributes (of the Tao) regards (only) the conditions of the engagement, while he who has not those attributes regards only the conditions favourable to himself.
In the Way of Heaven, there is no partiality of love; it is always on the side of the good man.
Si vous voulez apaiser les grandes inimitiĂ©s des hommes, ils conserveront nĂ©cessairement un reste dâinimitiĂ©.
Comment pourraient-ils devenir vertueux?
De là vient que le Saint garde la partie gauche du contrat et ne réclame rien aux autres.
I Câest pourquoi celui qui a de la vertu songe Ă donner, celui qui est sans vertu songe Ă demander.
Le ciel nâaffectionne personne en particulier. Il donne constamment aux hommes vertueux.
80
Chapitre LXXX
In a little state with a small population, I would so order it, that, though there were individuals with the abilities of ten or a hundred men, there should be no employment of them; I would make the people, while looking on death as a grievous thing, yet not remove elsewhere (to avoid it).
Though they had boats and carriages, they should have no occasion to ride in them; though they had buff coats and sharp weapons, they should have no occasion to don or use them.
I would make the people return to the use of knotted cords (instead of the written characters).
They should think their (coarse) food sweet; their (plain) clothes beautiful; their (poor) dwellings places of rest; and their common (simple) ways sources of enjoyment.
There should be a neighbouring state within sight, and the voices of the fowls and dogs should be heard all the way from it to us, but I would make the people to old age, even to death, not have any intercourse with it.
(Si je gouvernais) un petit royaume et un peuple peu nombreux, nâeĂ»t-il des armes que pour dix ou cent hommes, je lâempĂȘcherais de sâen servir.
Jâapprendrais au peuple Ă craindre la mort et Ă ne pas Ă©migrer au loin.
Quand il aurait des bateaux et des chars, il nây monterait pas.
Quand il aurait des cuirasses et des lances, il ne les porterait pas.
Je le ferais revenir Ă lâusage des cordelettes nouĂ©es.
Il savourerait sa nourriture, il trouverait de lâĂ©lĂ©gance dans ses vĂȘtements, il se plairait dans sa demeure, il aimerait ses simples usages.
Si un autre royaume se trouvait en face du mien, et que les cris des coqs et des chiens sâentendissent de lâun Ă lâautre, mon peuple arriverait Ă la vieillesse et Ă la mort sans avoir visitĂ© le peuple voisin.
81
Chapitre LXXXI
Sincere words are not fine; fine words are not sincere. Those who are skilled (in the Tao) do not dispute (about it); the disputatious are not skilled in it. Those who know (the Tao) are not extensively learned; the extensively learned do not know it.
The sage does not accumulate (for himself). The more that he expends for others, the more does he possess of his own; the more that he gives to others, the more does he have himself.
With all the sharpness of the Way of Heaven, it injures not; with all the doing in the way of the sage he does not strive.
Les paroles sincÚres ne sont pas élégantes; les paroles élégantes ne sont pas sincÚres.
Lâhomme vertueux nâest pas disert; celui qui est disert nâest pas vertueux.
Celui qui connaĂźt (le Tao) nâest pas savant; celui qui est savant ne le connaĂźt pas.
Le Saint nâaccumule pas (les richesses,).
Plus il emploie (sa vertu) dans lâintĂ©rĂȘt des hommes, et plus elle augmente.
Plus il donne aux hommes et plus il sâenrichit.
Telle est la voie du ciel, quâil est utile aux ĂȘtres et ne leur nuit point.
Telle est la voie du Saint, quâil agit et ne dispute point.
Đ ŃĐșĐ»Đ°ĐŒĐ°