ĐĐœĐłĐ»ŃĐčŃĐșа-ŃŃĐ°ĐœŃŃĐ·ŃĐșĐ°Ń ĐșĐœŃга-бŃĐ»ŃĐœĐłĐČа
Translated by James Legge.
Traduit en francais, et publié avec le texte chinois et un commentaire perpetuel par Stanislas Julien
1
Chapitre I
The Tao that can be described is not the enduring and unchanging Tao. The name that can be named is not the enduring and unchanging name.
(Conceived of as) having no name, it is the Originator of heaven and earth; (conceived of as) having a name, it is the Mother of all things.
Always without desire we must be found,
If its deep mystery we would sound;
But if desire always within us be,
Its outer fringe is all that we shall see.
Under these two aspects, it is really the same; but as development takes place, it receives the different names. Together we call them the Mystery. Where the Mystery is the deepest is the gate of all that is subtle and wonderful.
La voie qui peut ĂȘtre exprimĂ©e par la parole nâest pas la Voie Ă©ternelle; le nom qui peut ĂȘtre nommĂ© nâest pas le Nom Ă©ternel.
(LâĂȘtre) sans nom est lâorigine du ciel et de la terre; avec un nom, il est la mĂšre de toutes choses.
Câest pourquoi, lorsquâon est constamment exempt de passions, on voit son essence spirituelle; lorsquâon a constamment des passions, on le voit sous une forme bornĂ©e.
Ces deux choses ont une mĂȘme origine et reçoivent des noms diffĂ©rents. On les appelle toutes deux profondes. Elles sont profondes, doublement profondes. Câest la porte de toutes les choses spirituelles.
2
Chapitre II
All in the world know the beauty of the beautiful, and in doing this they have (the idea of) what ugliness is; they all know the skill of the skilful, and in doing this they have (the idea of) what the want of skill is.
So it is that existence and non-existence give birth the one to (the idea of) the other; that difficulty and ease produce the one (the idea of) the other; that length and shortness fashion out the one the figure of the other; that (the ideas of) height and lowness arise from the contrast of the one with the other; that the musical notes and tones become harmonious through the relation of one with another; and that being before and behind give the idea of one following another.
Therefore the sage manages affairs without doing anything, and conveys his instructions without the use of speech.
All things spring up, and there is not one which declines to show itself; they grow, and there is no claim made for their ownership; they go through their processes, and there is no expectation (of a reward for the results). The work is accomplished, and there is no resting in it (as an achievement).
The work is done, but how no one can see;
âTis this that makes the power not cease to be.
Dans le monde, lorsque tous les hommes ont su apprécier la beauté (morale), alors la laideur (du vice) a paru.
Lorsque tous les hommes ont su apprécier le bien, alors le mal a paru.
Câest pourquoi lâĂȘtre et le non-ĂȘtre naissent lâun de lâautre.
Le difficile et le facile se produisent mutuellement.
Le long et le court se donnent mutuellement leur forme.
Le haut et le bas montrent mutuellement leur inégalité.
Les tons et la voix sâaccordent mutuellement.
LâantĂ©rioritĂ© et la postĂ©rioritĂ© sont la consĂ©quence lâune de lâautre.
De lĂ vient que le saint homme fait son occupation du non-agir.
Il fait consister ses instructions dans le silence.
Alors tous les ĂȘtres se mettent en mouvement, et il ne leur refuse rien.
Il les produit et ne se les approprie pas.
Il les perfectionne et ne compte pas sur eux.
Ses mĂ©rites Ă©tant accomplis, il ne sây attache pas.
Il ne sâattache pas Ă ses mĂ©rites; câest pourquoi ils ne le quittent point.
3
Chapitre III
Not to value and employ men of superior ability is the way to keep the people from rivalry among themselves; not to prize articles which are difficult to procure is the way to keep them from becoming thieves; not to show them what is likely to excite their desires is the way to keep their minds from disorder.
Therefore the sage, in the exercise of his government, empties their minds, fills their bellies, weakens their wills, and strengthens their bones.
He constantly (tries to) keep them without knowledge and without desire, and where there are those who have knowledge, to keep them from presuming to act (on it). When there is this abstinence from action, good order is universal.
En nâexaltant pas les sages, on empĂȘche le peuple de se disputer.
En ne prisant pas les biens dâune acquisition difficile, on empĂȘche le peuple de se livrer au vol.
En ne regardant point des objets propres Ă exciter des dĂ©sirs, on empĂȘche que le cĆur du peuple ne se trouble.
Câest pourquoi, lorsque le saint homme gouverne, il vide son cĆur, il remplit son ventre (son intĂ©rieur), il affaiblit sa volontĂ©, et il fortifie ses os.
Il sâĂ©tudie constamment Ă rendre le peuple ignorant et exempt de dĂ©sirs.
Il fait en sorte que ceux qui ont du savoir nâosent pas agir.
Il pratique le non-agir, et alors il nây a rien qui ne soit bien gouvernĂ©.
4
Chapitre IV
The Tao is (like) the emptiness of a vessel; and in our employment of it we must be on our guard against all fulness. How deep and unfathomable it is, as if it were the Honoured Ancestor of all things!
We should blunt our sharp points, and unravel the complications of things; we should attemper our brightness, and bring ourselves into agreement with the obscurity of others. How pure and still the Tao is, as if it would ever so continue!
I do not know whose son it is. It might appear to have been before God.
Le Tao est (le) vide; si lâon en fait usage, il paraĂźt inĂ©puisable.
Ă quâil est profond! Il semble le patriarche de tous les ĂȘtres.
Il Ă©mousse sa subtilitĂ©, il se dĂ©gage de tous liens, il tempĂšre sa splendeur, il sâassimile Ă la poussiĂšre.
Ă quâil est pur! Il semble subsister Ă©ternellement.
Jâignore de qui il est fils; il semble avoir prĂ©cĂ©dĂ© le maĂźtre du ciel.
5
Chapitre V
Heaven and earth do not act from (the impulse of) any wish to be benevolent; they deal with all things as the dogs of grass are dealt with. The sages do not act from (any wish to be) benevolent; they deal with the people as the dogs of grass are dealt with.
May not the space between heaven and earth be compared to a bellows?
âTis emptied, yet it loses not its power;
âTis moved again, and sends forth air the more.
Much speech to swift exhaustion lead we see;
Your inner being guard, and keep it free.
Le ciel et la terre nâont point dâaffection particuliĂšre. Ils regardent toutes les crĂ©atures comme le chien de paille (du sacrifice).
Le saint homme nâa point dâaffection particuliĂšre; il regarde tout le peuple comme le chien de paille (du sacrifice).
LâĂȘtre qui est entre le ciel et la terre ressemble Ă un soufflet de forge qui est vide et ne sâĂ©puise point, que lâon met en mouvement et qui produit de plus en plus (du vent).
Celui qui parle beaucoup (du Tao) est souvent réduit au silence.
Il vaut mieux observer le milieu.
6
Chapitre VI
The valley spirit dies not, aye the same;
The female mystery thus do we name.
Its gate, from which at first they issued forth,
Is called the root from which grew heaven and earth.
Long and unbroken does its power remain,
Used gently, and without the touch of pain.
Lâesprit de la vallĂ©e ne meurt pas; on lâappelle la femelle mystĂ©rieuse.
La porte de la femelle mystĂ©rieuse sâappelle la racine du ciel et de la terre.
Il est éternel et semble exister (matériellement).
Si lâon en fait usage, on nâĂ©prouve aucune fatigue.
7
Chapitre VII
Heaven is long-enduring and earth continues long. The reason why heaven and earth are able to endure and continue thus long is because they do not live of, or for, themselves. This is how they are able to continue and endure.
Therefore the sage puts his own person last, and yet it is found in the foremost place; he treats his person as if it were foreign to him, and yet that person is preserved. Is it not because he has no personal and private ends, that therefore such ends are realised?
Le ciel et la terre ont une durée éternelle.
Sâils peuvent avoir une durĂ©e Ă©ternelle, câest parce quâils ne vivent pas pour eux seuls. Câest pourquoi ils peuvent avoir une durĂ©e Ă©ternelle.
De lĂ vient que le saint homme se met aprĂšs les autres, et il devient le premier.
Il se dégage de son corps, et son corps se conserve.
Nâest-ce pas quâil nâa point dâintĂ©rĂȘts privĂ©s?
Câest pourquoi il peut rĂ©ussir dans ses intĂ©rĂȘts privĂ©s.
8
Chapitre VIII
The highest excellence is like (that of) water. The excellence of water appears in its benefiting all things, and in its occupying, without striving (to the contrary), the low place which all men dislike. Hence (its way) is near to (that of) the Tao.
The excellence of a residence is in (the suitability of) the place; that of the mind is in abysmal stillness; that of associations is in their being with the virtuous; that of government is in its securing good order; that of (the conduct of) affairs is in its ability; and that of (the initiation of) any movement is in its timeliness.
And when (one with the highest excellence) does not wrangle (about his low position), no one finds fault with him.
Lâhomme dâune vertu supĂ©rieure est comme lâeau.
Lâeau excelle Ă faire du bien aux ĂȘtres et ne lutte point.
Elle habite les lieux que déteste la foule.
Câest pourquoi (le sage) approche du Tao.
Il se plaĂźt dans la situation la plus humble.
Son cĆur aime Ă ĂȘtre profond comme un abĂźme.
Sâil fait des largesses, il excelle Ă montrer de lâhumanitĂ©.
Sâil parle, il excelle Ă pratiquer la vĂ©ritĂ©.
Sâil gouverne, il excelle Ă procurer la paix.
Sâil agit, il excelle Ă montrer sa capacitĂ©.
Sâil se meut, il excelle Ă se conformer aux temps.
Il ne lutte contre personne; câest pourquoi il ne reçoit aucune marque de blĂąme.
9
Chapitre IX
It is better to leave a vessel unfilled, than to attempt to carry it when it is full. If you keep feeling a point that has been sharpened, the point cannot long preserve its sharpness.
When gold and jade fill the hall, their possessor cannot keep them safe. When wealth and honours lead to arrogancy, this brings its evil on itself. When the work is done, and oneâs name is becoming distinguished, to withdraw into obscurity is the way of Heaven.
Il vaut mieux ne pas remplir un vase que de vouloir le maintenir (lorsquâil est plein).
Si lâon aiguise une lame, bien quâon lâexplore avec la main, on ne pourra la conserver constamment (tranchante).
Si une salle est remplie dâor et de pierres prĂ©cieuses, personne ne pourra les garder.
Si lâon est comblĂ© dâhonneurs et quâon sâenorgueillisse, on sâattirera des malheurs.
Lorsquâon a fait de grandes choses et obtenu de la rĂ©putation, il faut se retirer Ă lâĂ©cart.
Telle est la voie du ciel.
10
Chapitre X
When the intelligent and animal souls are held together in one embrace, they can be kept from separating. When one gives undivided attention to the (vital) breath, and brings it to the utmost degree of pliancy, he can become as a (tender) babe. When he has cleansed away the most mysterious sights (of his imagination), he can become without a flaw.
In loving the people and ruling the state, cannot he proceed without any (purpose of) action? In the opening and shutting of his gates of heaven, cannot he do so as a female bird? While his intelligence reaches in every direction, cannot he (appear to) be without knowledge?
(The Tao) produces (all things) and nourishes them; it produces them and does not claim them as its own; it does all, and yet does not boast of it; it presides over all, and yet does not control them. This is what is called âThe mysterious Qualityâ (of the Tao).
LâĂąme spirituelle doit commander Ă lâĂąme sensitive.
Si lâhomme conserve lâunitĂ©, elles pourront rester indissolubles.
Sâil dompte sa force vitale et la rend extrĂȘmement souple, il pourra ĂȘtre comme un nouveau-nĂ©.
Sâil se dĂ©livre des lumiĂšres de lâintelligence, il pourra ĂȘtre exempt de toute infirmitĂ© (morale).
Sâil chĂ©rit le peuple et procure la paix au royaume, il pourra pratiquer le non-agir.
Sâil laisse les portes du ciel sâouvrir et se fermer, il pourra ĂȘtre comme la femelle (câest-Ă -dire rester au repos).
Si ses lumiÚres pénÚtrent en tous lieux, il pourra paraßtre ignorant.
Il produit les ĂȘtres et les nourrit.
Il les produit et ne les regarde pas comme sa propriété.
Il leur fait du bien et ne compte pas sur eux.
Il rĂšgne sur eux et ne les traite pas en maĂźtre.
Câest ce quâon appelle possĂ©der une vertu profonde.
11
Chapitre XI
The thirty spokes unite in the one nave; but it is on the empty space (for the axle), that the use of the wheel depends. Clay is fashioned into vessels; but it is on their empty hollowness, that their use depends. The door and windows are cut out (from the walls) to form an apartment; but it is on the empty space (within), that its use depends. Therefore, what has a (positive) existence serves for profitable adaptation, and what has not that for (actual) usefulness.
Trente rais se rĂ©unissent autour dâun moyeu. Câest de son vide que dĂ©pend lâusage du char.
On pĂ©trit de la terre glaise pour faire des vases. Câest de son vide que dĂ©pend lâusage des vases.
On perce des portes et des fenĂȘtres pour faire une maison. Câest de leur vide que dĂ©pend lâusage de la maison.
Câest pourquoi lâutilitĂ© vient de lâĂȘtre, lâusage naĂźt du non-ĂȘtre.
12
Chapitre XII
Colourâs five hues from thâ eyes their sight will take;
Musicâs five notes the ears as deaf can make;
The flavours five deprive the mouth of taste;
The chariot course, and the wild hunting waste
Make mad the mind; and objects rare and strange,
Sought for, menâs conduct will to evil change.
Therefore the sage seeks to satisfy (the craving of) the belly, and not the (insatiable longing of the) eyes. He puts from him the latter, and prefers to seek the former.
Les cinq couleurs Ă©moussent la vue de lâhomme.
Les cinq notes (de musique) Ă©moussent lâouĂŻe de lâhomme.
Les cinq saveurs Ă©moussent le goĂ»t de lâhomme.
Les courses violentes, lâexercice de la chasse Ă©garent le cĆur de lâhomme.
Les biens dâune acquisition difficile poussent lâhomme Ă des actes qui lui nuisent.
De lĂ vient que le saint homme sâoccupe de son intĂ©rieur et ne sâoccupe pas de ses yeux.
Câest pourquoi il renonce Ă ceci et adopte cela.
13
Chapitre XIII
Favour and disgrace would seem equally to be feared; honour and great calamity, to be regarded as personal conditions (of the same kind).
What is meant by speaking thus of favour and disgrace? Disgrace is being in a low position (after the enjoyment of favour). The getting that (favour) leads to the apprehension (of losing it), and the losing it leads to the fear of (still greater calamity):âthis is what is meant by saying that favour and disgrace would seem equally to be feared.
And what is meant by saying that honour and great calamity are to be (similarly) regarded as personal conditions? What makes me liable to great calamity is my having the body (which I call myself); if I had not the body, what great calamity could come to me?
Therefore he who would administer the kingdom, honouring it as he honours his own person, may be employed to govern it, and he who would administer it with the love which he bears to his own person may be entrusted with it.
Le sage redoute la gloire comme lâignominie; son corps lui pĂšse comme une grande calamitĂ©.
Quâentend-on par ces mots: il redoute la gloire comme lâignominie?
La gloire est quelque chose de bas. Lorsquâon lâa obtenue , on est comme rempli de crainte; lorsquâon lâa perdue, on est comme rempli de crainte.
Câest pourquoi lâon dit: il redoute la gloire comme lâignominie.
Quâentend-on par ces mots: son corps lui pĂšse comme une grande calamitĂ©?
Si nous Ă©prouvons de grandes calamitĂ©s, câest parce que nous avons un corps.
Quand nous nâavons plus de corps (quand nous nous sommes dĂ©gagĂ©s de notre corps), quelles calamitĂ©s pourrions-nous Ă©prouver?
Câest pourquoi, lorsquâun homme redoute de gouverner lui-mĂȘme lâempire, on peut lui confier lâempire; lorsquâil a regret de gouverner lâempire, on peut lui remettre le soin de lâempire.
14
Chapitre XIV
We look at it, and we do not see it, and we name it the Equable.â We listen to it, and we do not hear it, and we name it âthe Inaudible.â We try to grasp it, and do not get hold of it, and we name it âthe Subtle.â With these three qualities, it cannot be made the subject of description; and hence we blend them together and obtain The One.
Its upper part is not bright, and its lower part is not obscure. Ceaseless in its action, it yet cannot be named, and then it again returns and becomes nothing. This is called the Form of the Formless, and the Semblance of the Invisible; this is called the Fleeting and Indeterminable.
We meet it and do not see its Front; we follow it, and do not see its Back. When we can lay hold of the Tao of old to direct the things of the present day, and are able to know it as it was of old in the beginning, this is called (unwinding) the clue of Tao.
Vous le regardez (le Tao) et vous ne le voyez pas: on le dit incolore.
Vous lâĂ©coutez et vous ne lâentendez pas: on le dit aphone.
Vous voulez le toucher et vous ne lâatteignez pas: on le dit incorporel.
Ces trois qualitĂ©s ne peuvent ĂȘtre scrutĂ©es Ă lâaide de la parole. Câest pourquoi on les confond en une seule.
Sa partie supĂ©rieure nâest point Ă©clairĂ©e; sa partie infĂ©rieure nâest point obscure.
Il est Ă©ternel et ne peut ĂȘtre nommĂ©.
Il rentre dans le non-ĂȘtre.
On lâappelle une forme sans forme, une image sans image.
On lâappelle vague, indĂ©terminĂ©.
Si vous allez au-devant de lui, vous ne voyez point sa face; si vous le suivez vous ne voyez point son dos.
Câest en observant le Tao des temps anciens quâon peut gouverner les existences dâaujourdâhui.
Si lâhomme peut connaĂźtre lâorigine des choses anciennes, on dit quâil tient le fil du Tao.
15
Chapitre XV
The skilful masters (of the Tao) in old times, with a subtle and exquisite penetration, comprehended its mysteries, and were deep (also) so as to elude menâs knowledge. As they were thus beyond menâs knowledge, I will make an effort to describe of what sort they appeared to be.
Shrinking looked they like those who wade through a stream in winter; irresolute like those who are afraid of all around them; grave like a guest (in awe of his host); evanescent like ice that is melting away; unpretentious like wood that has not been fashioned into anything; vacant like a valley, and dull like muddy water.
Who can (make) the muddy water (clear)? Let it be still, and it will gradually become clear. Who can secure the condition of rest? Let movement go on, and the condition of rest will gradually arise.
They who preserve this method of the Tao do not wish to be full (of themselves). It is through their not being full of themselves that they can afford to seem worn and not appear new and complete.
Dans lâAntiquitĂ©, ceux qui excellaient Ă pratiquer le Tao Ă©taient dĂ©liĂ©s et subtils, abstraits et pĂ©nĂ©trants.
Ils Ă©taient tellement profonds quâon ne pouvait les connaĂźtre.
Comme on ne pouvait les connaĂźtre, je mâefforcerai de donner une idĂ©e (de ce quâils Ă©taient).
Ils étaient timides comme celui qui traverse un torrent en hiver.
Ils Ă©taient irrĂ©solus comme celui qui craint d'ĂȘtre aperçu de ses voisins.
Ils Ă©taient graves comme un Ă©tranger (en prĂ©sence de lâhĂŽte).
Ils sâeffaçaient comme la glace qui se fond.
Ils étaient rudes comme le bois non travaillé.
Il étaient vides comme une vallée.
Ils étaient troubles comme une eau limoneuse.
Qui est-ce qui sait apaiser peu Ă peu le trouble (de son cĆur) en le laissant reposer?
Qui est-ce qui sait naßtre peu à peu (à la vie spirituelle) par un calme prolongé?
Celui qui conserve ce Tao ne dĂ©sire pas dâĂȘtre plein.
Il nâest pas plein (de lui-mĂȘme), câest pourquoi il garde ses dĂ©fauts (apparents), et ne dĂ©sire pas (dâĂȘtre jugĂ©) parfait.
16
Chapitre XVI
The (state of) vacancy should be brought to the utmost degree, and that of stillness guarded with unwearying vigour. All things alike go through their processes of activity, and (then) we see them return (to their original state). When things (in the vegetable world) have displayed their luxuriant growth, we see each of them return to its root. This returning to their root is what we call the state of stillness; and that stillness may be called a reporting that they have fulfilled their appointed end.
The report of that fulfilment is the regular, unchanging rule. To know that unchanging rule is to be intelligent; not to know it leads to wild movements and evil issues. The knowledge of that unchanging rule produces a (grand) capacity and forbearance, and that capacity and forbearance lead to a community (of feeling with all things). From this community of feeling comes a kingliness of character; and he who is king-like goes on to be heaven-like. In that likeness to heaven he possesses the Tao. Possessed of the Tao, he endures long; and to the end of his bodily life, is exempt from all danger of decay.
Celui qui est parvenu au comble du vide garde fermement le repos.
Les dix mille ĂȘtres naissent ensemble; ensuite je les vois sâen retourner.
AprĂšs avoir Ă©tĂ© dans un Ă©tat florissant, chacun dâeux revient Ă son origine.
Revenir Ă son origine sâappelle ĂȘtre en repos.
Ătre en repos sâappelle revenir Ă la vie.
Revenir Ă la vie sâappelle ĂȘtre constant.
Savoir ĂȘtre constant sâappelle ĂȘtre Ă©clairĂ©.
Celui qui ne sait pas ĂȘtre constant sâabandonne au dĂ©sordre et sâattire des malheurs.
Celui qui sait ĂȘtre constant a une Ăąme large.
Celui qui a une Ăąme large est juste.
Celui qui est juste devient roi.
Celui qui est roi sâassocie au ciel.
Celui qui sâassocie au ciel imite le Tao.
Celui qui imite le Tao subsiste longtemps; jusquâĂ la fin de sa vie, il nâest exposĂ© Ă aucun danger.
17
Chapitre XVII
In the highest antiquity, (the people) did not know that there were (their rulers). In the next age they loved them and praised them. In the next they feared them; in the next they despised them. Thus it was that when faith (in the Tao) was deficient (in the rulers) a want of faith in them ensued (in the people).
How irresolute did those (earliest rulers) appear, showing (by their reticence) the importance which they set upon their words! Their work was done and their undertakings were successful, while the people all said, âWe are as we are, of ourselves!â
Dans la Haute AntiquitĂ©, le peuple savait seulement quâil avait des rois.
Les suivants, il les aima et leur donna des louanges.
Les suivants il les craignit.
Les suivants, il les méprisa.
Celui qui nâa pas confiance dans les autres nâobtient pas leur confiance.
(Les premiers) étaient graves et réservés dans leurs paroles.
AprĂšs quâils avaient acquis des mĂ©rites et rĂ©ussi dans leurs desseins, les cent familles disaient: Nous suivons notre nature.
18
Chapitre XVIII
When the Great Tao (Way or Method) ceased to be observed, benevolence and righteousness came into vogue. (Then) appeared wisdom and shrewdness, and there ensued great hypocrisy.
When harmony no longer prevailed throughout the six kinships, filial sons found their manifestation; when the states and clans fell into disorder, loyal ministers appeared.
Quand la grande Voie eut dĂ©pĂ©ri, on vit paraĂźtre lâhumanitĂ© et la justice.
Quand la prudence et la perspicacité se furent montrées, on vit naßtre une grande hypocrisie.
Quand les six parents eurent cessĂ© de vivre en bonne harmonie, on vit des actes de piĂ©tĂ© filiale et dâaffection paternelle.
Quand les Ătats furent tombĂ©s dans le dĂ©sordre, on vit des sujets fidĂšles et dĂ©vouĂ©s.
19
Chapitre XIX
If we could renounce our sageness and discard our wisdom, it would be better for the people a hundredfold. If we could renounce our benevolence and discard our righteousness, the people would again become filial and kindly. If we could renounce our artful contrivances and discard our (scheming for) gain, there would be no thieves nor robbers.
Those three methods (of government)
Thought olden ways in elegance did fail
And made these names their want of worth to veil;
But simple views, and courses plain and true
Would selfish ends and many lusts eschew.
Si vous renoncez Ă la sagesse et quittez la prudence, le peuple sera cent fois plus heureux.
Si vous renoncez Ă lâhumanitĂ© et quittez la justice, le peuple reviendra Ă la piĂ©tĂ© filiale et Ă lâaffection paternelle.
Si vous renoncez Ă lâhabiletĂ© et quittez le lucre, les voleurs et les brigands disparaĂźtront.
Renoncez Ă ces trois choses et persuadez-vous que lâapparence ne suffit pas.
Câest pourquoi je montre aux hommes ce Ă quoi ils doivent sâattacher.
Quâils tĂąchent de laisser voir leur simplicitĂ©, de conserver leur puretĂ©, dâavoir peu dâintĂ©rĂȘts privĂ©s et peu de dĂ©sirs.
20
Chapitre XX
When we renounce learning we have no troubles.
The (ready) âyes,â and (flattering) âyea;ââ
Small is the difference they display.
But mark their issues, good and ill;â
What space the gulf between shall fill?
What all men fear is indeed to be feared; but how wide and without end is the range of questions (asking to be discussed)!
The multitude of men look satisfied and pleased; as if enjoying a full banquet, as if mounted on a tower in spring. I alone seem listless and still, my desires having as yet given no indication of their presence. I am like an infant which has not yet smiled. I look dejected and forlorn, as if I had no home to go to. The multitude of men all have enough and to spare. I alone seem to have lost everything. My mind is that of a stupid man; I am in a state of chaos.
Ordinary men look bright and intelligent, while I alone seem to be benighted. They look full of discrimination, while I alone am dull and confused. I seem to be carried about as on the sea, drifting as if I had nowhere to rest. All men have their spheres of action, while I alone seem dull and incapable, like a rude borderer. (Thus) I alone am different from other men, but I value the nursing-mother (the Tao).
Renoncez Ă lâĂ©tude, et vous serez exempt de chagrins.
Combien est petite la différence de weï (un oui bref) et de o (un oui lent)!
Combien est grande la différence du bien et du mal!
Ce que les hommes craignent, on ne peut sâempĂȘcher de le craindre.
Ils sâabandonnent au dĂ©sordre et ne sâarrĂȘtent jamais.
Les hommes de la multitude sont exaltés de joie comme celui qui se repaßt de mets succulents, comme celui qui est monté, au printemps, sur une tour élevée.
Moi seul je suis calme: (mes affections) nâont pas encore germĂ©.
Je ressemble Ă un nouveau-nĂ© qui nâa pas encore souri Ă sa mĂšre.
Je suis dĂ©tachĂ© de tout, on dirait que je ne sais oĂč aller.
Les hommes de la multitude ont du superflu; moi seul je suis comme une homme qui a perdu tout.
Je suis un homme dâun esprit bornĂ©, je suis dĂ©pourvu de connaissances.
Les hommes de la multitude sont remplis de lumiÚres; moi seul je suis comme plongé dans les ténÚbres.
Les hommes du monde sont douĂ©s de pĂ©nĂ©tration; moi seul jâai lâesprit trouble et confus.
Je suis vague comme la mer; je flotte comme si je ne savais oĂč mâarrĂȘter.
Les hommes de la multitude ont tous de la capacité; moi seul je suis stupide; je ressemble à un homme rustique.
Moi seul je diffĂšre des autres hommes, parce que je rĂ©vĂšre la mĂšre qui nourrit (tous les ĂȘtres).
21
Chapitre XXI
The grandest forms of active force
From Tao come, their only source.
Who can of Tao the nature tell?
Our sight it flies, our touch as well.
Eluding sight, eluding touch,
The forms of things all in it crouch;
Eluding touch, eluding sight,
There are their semblances, all right.
Profound it is, dark and obscure;
Thingsâ essences all there endure.
Those essences the truth enfold
Of what, when seen, shall then be told.
Now it is so; âtwas so of old.
Its nameâwhat passes not away;
So, in their beautiful array,
Things form and never know decay.
How know I that it is so with all the beauties of existing things? By this (nature of the Tao).
Les formes visibles de la grande Vertu émanent uniquement du Tao.
Voici quelle est la nature du Tao.
Il est vague, il est confus.
Quâil est confus, quâil est vague!
Au-dedans de lui, il y a des images.
Quâil est vague, quâil est confus!
Au-dedans de lui il y a des ĂȘtres.
Qu'il est profond, qu'il est obscur!
Au-dedans de lui il y a une essence spirituelle. Cette essence spirituelle est profondément vraie.
Au-dedans de lui, rĂ©side le tĂ©moignage infaillible (de ce quâil est); depuis les temps anciens jusquâĂ aujourdâhui, son nom nâa point passĂ©.
Il donne issue (naissance) Ă tous les ĂȘtres.
Comme sais-je quâil en est ainsi de tous les ĂȘtres? (Je le sais) par le Tao.
22
Chapitre XXII
The partial becomes complete; the crooked, straight; the empty, full; the worn out, new. He whose (desires) are few gets them; he whose (desires) are many goes astray.
Therefore the sage holds in his embrace the one thing (of humility), and manifests it to all the world. He is free from self-display, and therefore he shines; from self-assertion, and therefore he is distinguished; from self-boasting, and therefore his merit is acknowledged; from self-complacency, and therefore he acquires superiority. It is because he is thus free from striving that therefore no one in the world is able to strive with him.
That saying of the ancients that âthe partial becomes completeâ was not vainly spoken:âall real completion is comprehended under it.
Ce qui est incomplet devient entier.
Ce qui est courbé devient droit.
Ce qui est creux devient plein.
Ce qui est usé devient neuf.
Avec peu (de dĂ©sirs) on acquiert le Tao; avec beaucoup (de dĂ©sirs) on sâĂ©gare.
De lĂ vient que le saint homme conserve lâUnitĂ© (le Tao), et il est le modĂšle du monde.
Il ne se met pas en lumiĂšre, câest pourquoi il brille.
Il ne sâapprouve point, câest pourquoi il jette de lâĂ©clat.
Il ne se vante point, câest pourquoi il a du mĂ©rite.
Il ne se glorifie point, câest pourquoi il est le supĂ©rieur des autres.
Il ne lutte point, câest pourquoi il nây a personne dans lâempire qui puisse lutter contre lui.
Lâaxiome des anciens: Ce qui est incomplet devient entier, Ă©tait-ce une expression vide de sens?
Quand lâhomme est devenu vĂ©ritablement parfait, (le monde) vient se soumettre Ă lui.
23
Chapitre XXIII
Abstaining from speech marks him who is obeying the spontaneity of his nature. A violent wind does not last for a whole morning; a sudden rain does not last for the whole day. To whom is it that these (two) things are owing? To Heaven and Earth. If Heaven and Earth cannot make such (spasmodic) actings last long, how much less can man!
Therefore when one is making the Tao his business, those who are also pursuing it, agree with him in it, and those who are making the manifestation of its course their object agree with him in that; while even those who are failing in both these things agree with him where they fail.
Hence, those with whom he agrees as to the Tao have the happiness of attaining to it; those with whom he agrees as to its manifestation have the happiness of attaining to it; and those with whom he agrees in their failure have also the happiness of attaining (to the Tao). (But) when there is not faith sufficient (on his part), a want of faith (in him) ensues (on the part of the others).
Celui qui ne parle pas (arrive au) non-agir.
Un vent rapide ne dure pas toute la matinée; une pluie violente ne dure pas tout le jour.
Qui est-ce qui produit ces deux choses? Le ciel et la terre.
Si le ciel et la terre mĂȘme ne peuvent subsister longtemps, Ă plus forte raison lâhomme!
Câest pourquoi si lâhomme se livre au Tao, il sâidentifie au Tao; sâil se livre Ă la vertu, il sâidentifie Ă la vertu; sâil se livre au crime, il sâidentifie au crime.
Celui qui sâidentifie au Tao gagne le Tao; celui qui sâidentifie au crime gagne (la honte du) crime.
Si on ne croit pas fortement (au Tao), lâon finit par nây plus croire.
24
Chapitre XXIV
He who stands on his tiptoes does not stand firm; he who stretches his legs does not walk (easily). (So), he who displays himself does not shine; he who asserts his own views is not distinguished; he who vaunts himself does not find his merit acknowledged; he who is self-conceited has no superiority allowed to him. Such conditions, viewed from the standpoint of the Tao, are like remnants of food, or a tumour on the body, which all dislike. Hence those who pursue (the course) of the Tao do not adopt and allow them.
Celui qui se dresse sur ses pieds ne peut se tenir droit; celui qui étend les jambes ne peut marcher.
Celui qui tient Ă ses vues nâest point Ă©clairĂ©.
Celui qui sâapprouve lui-mĂȘme ne brille pas.
Celui qui se vante nâa point de mĂ©rite.
Celui qui se glorifie ne subsiste pas longtemps.
Si lâon juge cette conduite selon le Tao, on la compare Ă un reste dâaliments ou Ă un goitre hideux qui inspirent aux hommes un constant dĂ©goĂ»t.
Câest pourquoi celui qui possĂšde le Tao ne sâattache pas Ă cela.
25
Chapitre XXV
There was something undefined and complete, coming into existence before Heaven and Earth. How still it was and formless, standing alone, and undergoing no change, reaching everywhere and in no danger (of being exhausted)! It may be regarded as the Mother of all things.
I do not know its name, and I give it the designation of the Tao (the Way or Course). Making an effort (further) to give it a name I call it The Great.
Great, it passes on (in constant flow). Passing on, it becomes remote. Having become remote, it returns. Therefore the Tao is great; Heaven is great; Earth is great; and the (sage) king is also great. In the universe there are four that are great, and the (sage) king is one of them.
Man takes his law from the Earth; the Earth takes its law from Heaven; Heaven takes its law from the Tao. The law of the Tao is its being what it is.
Il est un ĂȘtre confus qui existait avant le ciel et la terre.
Ă quâil est calme! Ă quâil est immatĂ©riel!
Il subsiste seul et ne change point.
Il circule partout et ne périclite point.
Il peut ĂȘtre regardĂ© comme la mĂšre de lâunivers.
Moi, je ne sais pas son nom.
Pour lui donner un titre, je lâappelle Voie (Tao).
En mâefforçant de lui faire un nom, je lâappelle grand.
De grand, je lâappelle fugace.
De fugace, je lâappelle Ă©loignĂ©.
DâĂ©loignĂ©, je lâappelle (lâĂȘtre) qui revient.
Câest pourquoi le Tao est grand, le ciel est grand, la terre est grande, le roi aussi est grand.
Dans le monde, il y a quatre grandes choses, et le roi en est une. Lâhomme imite la terre; la terre imite le ciel, le ciel imite le Tao; le Tao imite sa nature.
26
Chapitre XXVI
Gravity is the root of lightness; stillness, the ruler of movement.
Therefore a wise prince, marching the whole day, does not go far from his baggage waggons. Although he may have brilliant prospects to look at, he quietly remains (in his proper place), indifferent to them. How should the lord of a myriad chariots carry himself lightly before the kingdom? If he do act lightly, he has lost his root (of gravity); if he proceed to active movement, he will lose his throne.
Le grave est la racine du léger; le calme est le maßtre du mouvement.
De lĂ vient que le saint homme marche tout le jour (dans le Tao) et ne sâĂ©carte point de la quiĂ©tude et de la gravitĂ©.
Quoiquâil possĂšde des palais magnifiques, il reste calme et les fuit.
Mais hĂ©las! les maĂźtres de dix mille chars se conduisent lĂ©gĂšrement dans lâempire!
Par une conduite lĂ©gĂšre, on perd ses ministres; par lâemportement des passions, on perd son trĂŽne.
27
Chapitre XXVII
The skilful traveller leaves no traces of his wheels or footsteps; the skilful speaker says nothing that can be found fault with or blamed; the skilful reckoner uses no tallies; the skilful closer needs no bolts or bars, while to open what he has shut will be impossible; the skilful binder uses no strings or knots, while to unloose what he has bound will be impossible. In the same way the sage is always skilful at saving men, and so he does not cast away any man; he is always skilful at saving things, and so he does not cast away anything. This is called âHiding the light of his procedure.â
Therefore the man of skill is a master (to be looked up to) by him who has not the skill; and he who has not the skill is the helper of (the reputation of) him who has the skill. If the one did not honour his master, and the other did not rejoice in his helper, an (observer), though intelligent, might greatly err about them. This is called âThe utmost degree of mystery.â
Celui qui sait marcher (dans le Tao) ne laisse pas de traces; celui qui sait parler ne commet point de fautes; celui qui sait compter ne se sert point dâinstruments de calcul; celui qui sait fermer (quelque chose) ne se sert point de verrou, et il est impossible de lâouvrir; celui qui sait lier (quelque chose) ne se sert point de cordes, et il est impossible de le dĂ©lier.
De lĂ vient que le Saint excelle constamment Ă sauver les hommes; câest pourquoi il nâabandonne pas les hommes.
Il excelle constamment Ă sauver les ĂȘtres; câest pourquoi il nâabandonne pas les ĂȘtres.
Cela sâappelle ĂȘtre doublement Ă©clairĂ©.
Câest pourquoi lâhomme vertueux est le maĂźtre de celui qui nâest pas vertueux.
Lâhomme qui nâest pas vertueux est le secours de lâhomme vertueux.
Si lâun nâestime pas son maĂźtre, si lâautre nâaffectionne pas celui qui est son secours, quand on leur accorderait une grande prudence, ils sont plongĂ©s dans lâaveuglement.
VoilĂ ce quâil y a de plus important et de plus subtil!
28
Chapitre XXVIII
Who knows his manhoodâs strength,
Yet still his female feebleness maintains;
As to one channel flow the many drains,
All come to him, yea, all beneath the sky.
Thus he the constant excellence retains;
The simple child again, free from all stains.
Who knows how white attracts,
Yet always keeps himself within blackâs shade,
The pattern of humility displayed,
Displayed in view of all beneath the sky;
He in the unchanging excellence arrayed,
Endless return to manâs first state has made.
Who knows how glory shines,
Yet loves disgrace, nor eâer for it is pale;
Behold his presence in a spacious vale,
To which men come from all beneath the sky.
The unchanging excellence completes its tale;
The simple infant man in him we hail.
The unwrought material, when divided and distributed, forms vessels. The sage, when employed, becomes the Head of all the Officers (of government); and in his greatest regulations he employs no violent measures.
Celui qui connaĂźt sa force et garde la faiblesse est la vallĂ©e de lâempire (câest-Ă -dire le centre oĂč accourt tout lâempire).
Sâil est la vallĂ©e de lâempire, la vertu constante ne lâabandonnera pas; il reviendra Ă lâĂ©tat dâenfant.
Celui qui connaĂźt ses lumiĂšres et garde les tĂ©nĂšbres, est le modĂšle de lâempire.
Sâil est le modĂšle de lâempire, la vertu constante ne faillira pas (en lui), et il reviendra au comble (de la puretĂ©).
Celui qui connaĂźt sa gloire et garde lâignominie est aussi la vallĂ©e de lâempire.
Sâil est la vallĂ©e de lâempire, sa vertu constante atteindra la perfection et il reviendra Ă la simplicitĂ© parfaite (au Tao).
Quand la simplicitĂ© parfaite (le Tao) sâest rĂ©pandue, elle a formĂ© les ĂȘtres.
Lorsque le saint homme est élevé aux emplois, il devient le chef des magistrats. Il gouverne grandement et ne blesse personne.
29
Chapitre XXIX
If any one should wish to get the kingdom for himself, and to effect this by what he does, I see that he will not succeed. The kingdom is a spirit-like thing, and cannot be got by active doing. He who would so win it destroys it; he who would hold it in his grasp loses it.
The course and nature of things is such that
What was in front is now behind;
What warmed anon we freezing find.
Strength is of weakness oft the spoil;
The store in ruins mocks our toil.
Hence the sage puts away excessive effort, extravagance, and easy indulgence.
Si lâhomme agit pour gouverner parfaitement lâempire, je vois quâil nây rĂ©ussira pas.
Lâempire est (comme) un vase divin (auquel lâhomme) ne doit pas travailler.
Sâil y travaille, il le dĂ©truit; sâil veut le saisir, il le perd.
Câest pourquoi, parmi les ĂȘtres, les uns marchent (en avant) et les autres suivent; les uns rĂ©chauffent et les autres refroidissent; les uns sont forts et les autres faibles, les uns se meuvent et les autres sâarrĂȘtent.
De lĂ vient que le saint homme supprime les excĂšs, le luxe et la magnificence.
30
Chapitre XXX
He who would assist a lord of men in harmony with the Tao will not assert his mastery in the kingdom by force of arms. Such a course is sure to meet with its proper return.
Wherever a host is stationed, briars and thorns spring up. In the sequence of great armies there are sure to be bad years.
A skilful (commander) strikes a decisive blow, and stops. He does not dare (by continuing his operations) to assert and complete his mastery. He will strike the blow, but will be on his guard against being vain or boastful or arrogant in consequence of it. He strikes it as a matter of necessity; he strikes it, but not from a wish for mastery.
When things have attained their strong maturity they become old. This may be said to be not in accordance with the Tao: and what is not in accordance with it soon comes to an end.
Celui qui aide le maĂźtre des hommes par le Tao ne (doit pas) subjuguer lâempire par les armes.
Quoi quâon fasse aux hommes, ils rendent la pareille.
Partout oĂč sĂ©journent les troupes, on voit naĂźtre les Ă©pines et les ronces.
à la suite des grandes guerres, il y a nécessairement des années de disette.
Lâhomme vertueux frappe un coup dĂ©cisif et sâarrĂȘte. Il nâose subjuguer lâempire par la force des armes.
Il frappe un coup décisif et ne se vante point.
Il frappe un coup décisif et ne se glorifie point.
Il frappe un coup dĂ©cisif et ne sâenorgueillit point.
Il frappe un coup décisif et ne combat que par nécessité.
Il frappe un coup décisif et ne veut point paraßtre fort.
Quand les ĂȘtres sont arrivĂ©s Ă la plĂ©nitude de leur force, ils vieillissent.
Cela sâappelle ne pas imiter le Tao. Celui qui nâimite pas le Tao ne tarde pas Ă pĂ©rir.
31
Chapitre XXXI
Now arms, however beautiful, are instruments of evil omen, hateful, it may be said, to all creatures. Therefore they who have the Tao do not like to employ them.
The superior man ordinarily considers the left hand the most honourable place, but in time of war the right hand. Those sharp weapons are instruments of evil omen, and not the instruments of the superior man;âhe uses them only on the compulsion of necessity. Calm and repose are what he prizes; victory (by force of arms) is to him undesirable. To consider this desirable would be to delight in the slaughter of men; and he who delights in the slaughter of men cannot get his will in the kingdom.
On occasions of festivity to be on the left hand is the prized position; on occasions of mourning, the right hand. The second in command of the army has his place on the left; the general commanding in chief has his on the right;âhis place, that is, is assigned to him as in the rites of mourning. He who has killed multitudes of men should weep for them with the bitterest grief; and the victor in battle has his place (rightly) according to those rites.
Les armes les plus excellentes sont des instruments de malheur.
Tous les hommes les dĂ©testent. Câest pourquoi celui qui possĂšde le Tao ne sây attache pas.
En temps de paix, le sage estime la gauche; celui qui fait la guerre estime la droite.
Les armes sont des instruments de malheur; ce ne sont point les instruments du sage.
Il ne sâen sert que lorsquâil ne peut sâen dispenser, et met au premier rang le calme et le repos.
Sâil triomphe, il ne sâen rĂ©jouit pas. Sâen rĂ©jouir, câest aimer Ă tuer les hommes.
Celui qui aime Ă tuer les hommes ne peut rĂ©ussir Ă rĂ©gner sur lâempire.
Dans les événements heureux, on préfÚre la gauche; dans les événements malheureux, on préfÚre la droite.
Le général en second occupe la gauche; le général en chef occupe la droite.
Je veux dire quâon le place suivant les rites funĂšbres.
Celui qui a tuĂ© une multitude dâhommes doit pleurer sur eux avec des larmes et des sanglots.
Celui qui a vaincu dans un combat, on le place suivant les rites funĂšbres.
32
Chapitre XXXII
The Tao, considered as unchanging, has no name.
Though in its primordial simplicity it may be small, the whole world dares not deal with (one embodying) it as a minister. If a feudal prince or the king could guard and hold it, all would spontaneously submit themselves to him.
Heaven and Earth (under its guidance) unite together and send down the sweet dew, which, without the directions of men, reaches equally everywhere as of its own accord.
As soon as it proceeds to action, it has a name. When it once has that name, (men) can know to rest in it. When they know to rest in it, they can be free from all risk of failure and error.
The relation of the Tao to all the world is like that of the great rivers and seas to the streams from the valleys.
Le Tao est Ă©ternel et nâa pas de nom.
Quoiquâil soit petit de sa nature, le monde entier ne pourrait le subjuguer.
Si les vassaux et les rois peuvent le conserver, tous les ĂȘtres viendront spontanĂ©ment se soumettre Ă eux.
Le ciel et la terre sâuniront ensemble pour faire descendre une douce rosĂ©e, et les peuples se pacifieront dâeux-mĂȘmes sans que personne le leur ordonne.
DÚs que le Tao se fut divisé, il eut un nom.
Ce nom une fois établi, il faut savoir se retenir.
Celui qui sait se retenir ne périclite jamais.
Le Tao est rĂ©pandu dans lâunivers.
(Tous les ĂȘtres retournent Ă lui) comme les riviĂšres et les ruisseaux des montagnes retournent aux fleuves et aux mers.
33
Chapitre XXXIII
He who knows other men is discerning; he who knows himself is intelligent. He who overcomes others is strong; he who overcomes himself is mighty. He who is satisfied with his lot is rich; he who goes on acting with energy has a (firm) will.
He who does not fail in the requirements of his position, continues long; he who dies and yet does not perish, has longevity.
Celui qui connaĂźt les hommes est prudent.
Celui qui se connaĂźt lui-mĂȘme est Ă©clairĂ©.
Celui qui dompte les hommes est puissant.
Celui qui se dompte lui-mĂȘme est fort.
Celui qui sait se suffire est assez riche.
Celui qui agit avec Ă©nergie est douĂ© dâune ferme volontĂ©.
Celui qui ne sâĂ©carte point de sa nature subsiste longtemps.
Celui qui meurt et ne pĂ©rit pas jouit dâune (Ă©ternelle) longĂ©vitĂ©.
34
Chapitre XXXIV
All-pervading is the Great Tao! It may be found on the left hand and on the right.
All things depend on it for their production, which it gives to them, not one refusing obedience to it. When its work is accomplished, it does not claim the name of having done it. It clothes all things as with a garment, and makes no assumption of being their lord;âit may be named in the smallest things. All things return (to their root and disappear), and do not know that it is it which presides over their doing so;âit may be named in the greatest things.
Hence the sage is able (in the same way) to accomplish his great achievements. It is through his not making himself great that he can accomplish them.
Le Tao sâĂ©tend partout; il peut aller Ă gauche comme Ă droite.
Tous les ĂȘtres comptent sur lui pour naĂźtre, et il ne les repousse point.
Quand ses mérites sont accomplis, il ne se les attribue point.
Il aime et nourrit tous les ĂȘtres, et ne se regarde pas comme leur maĂźtre.
Il est constamment sans dĂ©sirs: on peut lâappeler petit.
Tous les ĂȘtres se soumettent Ă lui, et il ne se regarde pas comme leur maĂźtre: on peut lâappeler grand.
De lĂ vient que, jusquâĂ la fin de sa vie, le saint homme ne sâestime pas grand.
Câest pourquoi il peut accomplir de grandes choses.
35
Chapitre XXXV
To him who holds in his hands the Great Image (of the invisible Tao), the whole world repairs. Men resort to him, and receive no hurt, but (find) rest, peace, and the feeling of ease.
Music and dainties will make the passing guest stop (for a time). But though the Tao as it comes from the mouth, seems insipid and has no flavour, though it seems not worth being looked at or listened to, the use of it is inexhaustible.
Le saint garde la grande image (le Tao), et tous les peuples de lâempire accourent Ă lui.
Ils accourent, et il ne leur fait point de mal; il leur procure la paix, le calme et la quiétude.
La musique et les mets exquis retiennent lâĂ©tranger qui passe.
Mais lorsque le Tao sort de notre bouche, il est fade et sans saveur.
On le regarde et lâon ne peut le voir; on lâĂ©coute et lâon ne peut lâentendre; on lâemploie et lâon ne peut lâĂ©puiser.
36
Chapitre XXXVI
When one is about to take an inspiration, he is sure to make a (previous) expiration; when he is going to weaken another, he will first strengthen him; when he is going to overthrow another, he will first have raised him up; when he is going to despoil another, he will first have made gifts to him:âthis is called âHiding the light (of his procedure).â
The soft overcomes the hard; and the weak the strong.
Fishes should not be taken from the deep; instruments for the profit of a state should not be shown to the people.
Lorsquâune crĂ©ature est sur le point de se contracter, (on reconnaĂźt) avec certitude que dans lâorigine elle a eu de lâexpansion.
Est-elle sur le point de sâaffaiblir, (on reconnaĂźt) avec certitude que dans lâorigine elle a eu de la force.
Est-elle sur le point de dĂ©pĂ©rir, (on reconnaĂźt) avec certitude que dans lâorigine elle a eu de la splendeur.
Est-elle sur le point dâĂȘtre dĂ©pouillĂ©e de tout, (on reconnaĂźt) avec certitude que dans lâorigine elle a Ă©tĂ© comblĂ©e de dons.
Cela sâappelle (une doctrine Ă la fois) cachĂ©e et Ă©clatante.
Ce qui est mou triomphe de ce qui est dur; ce qui est faible triomphe de ce qui est fort.
Le poisson ne doit point quitter les abĂźmes; lâarme acĂ©rĂ©e du royaume ne doit pas ĂȘtre montrĂ©e au peuple.
37
Chapitre XXXVII
The Tao in its regular course does nothing (for the sake of doing it), and so there is nothing which it does not do.
If princes and kings were able to maintain it, all things would of themselves be transformed by them.
If this transformation became to me an object of desire, I would express the desire by the nameless simplicity.
Simplicity without a name
Is free from all external aim.
With no desire, at rest and still,
All things go right as of their will.
Le Tao pratique constamment le non-agir et (pourtant) il nây a rien quâil ne fasse.
Si les rois et les vassaux peuvent le conserver, tous les ĂȘtres se convertiront.
Si, une fois convertis, ils veulent encore se mettre en mouvement, je les contiendrai Ă lâaide de lâĂȘtre simple qui nâa pas de nom (câest-Ă -dire le Tao).
LâĂȘtre simple qui nâa pas de nom, il ne faut pas mĂȘme le dĂ©sirer. Lâabsence de dĂ©sirs procure la quiĂ©tude.
Alors lâempire se rectifie de lui-mĂȘme.
LIVRE II.
38
Chapitre XXXVIII
(Those who) possessed in highest degree the attributes (of the Tao) did not (seek) to show them, and therefore they possessed them (in fullest measure). (Those who) possessed in a lower degree those attributes (sought how) not to lose them, and therefore they did not possess them (in fullest measure).
(Those who) possessed in the highest degree those attributes did nothing (with a purpose), and had no need to do anything. (Those who) possessed them in a lower degree were (always) doing, and had need to be so doing.
(Those who) possessed the highest benevolence were (always seeking) to carry it out, and had no need to be doing so. (Those who) possessed the highest righteousness were (always seeking) to carry it out, and had need to be so doing.
(Those who) possessed the highest (sense of) propriety were (always seeking) to show it, and when men did not respond to it, they bared the arm and marched up to them.
Thus it was that when the Tao was lost, its attributes appeared; when its attributes were lost, benevolence appeared; when benevolence was lost, righteousness appeared; and when righteousness was lost, the proprieties appeared.
Now propriety is the attenuated form of leal-heartedness and good faith, and is also the commencement of disorder; swift apprehension is (only) a flower of the Tao, and is the beginning of stupidity.
Thus it is that the Great man abides by what is solid, and eschews what is flimsy; dwells with the fruit and not with the flower. It is thus that he puts away the one and makes choice of the other.
Les hommes dâune vertu supĂ©rieure ignorent leur vertu; câest pourquoi ils ont de la vertu.
Les hommes dâune vertu infĂ©rieure nâoublient pas leur vertu; câest pourquoi ils nâont pas de vertu.
Les hommes dâune vertu supĂ©rieure la pratiquent sans y songer.
Les hommes dâune vertu infĂ©rieure la pratiquent avec intention.
Les hommes dâune humanitĂ© supĂ©rieure la pratiquent sans y songer.
Les hommes dâune Ă©quitĂ© supĂ©rieure la pratiquent avec intention.
Les hommes dâune urbanitĂ© supĂ©rieure la pratiquent et personne nây rĂ©pond; alors ils emploient la violence pour quâon les paye de retour.
Câest pourquoi lâon a de la vertu aprĂšs avoir perdu le Tao; de lâhumanitĂ© aprĂšs avoir perdu la vertu; de lâĂ©quitĂ© aprĂšs avoir perdu lâhumanitĂ©; de lâurbanitĂ© aprĂšs avoir perdu lâĂ©quitĂ©.
LâurbanitĂ© nâest que lâĂ©corce de la droiture et de la sincĂ©ritĂ©; câest la source du dĂ©sordre.
Le faux savoir nâest que la fleur du Tao et le principe de lâignorance.
Câest pourquoi un grand homme sâattache au solide et laisse le superficiel.
Il estime le fruit et laisse la fleur.
Câest pourquoi il rejette lâune et adopte lâautre.
39
Chapitre XXXIX
The things which from of old have got the One (the Tao) areâ
Heaven which by it is bright and pure;
Earth rendered thereby firm and sure;
Spirits with powers by it supplied;
Valleys kept full throughout their void
All creatures which through it do live
Princes and kings who from it get
The model which to all they give.
All these are the results of the One (Tao).
If heaven were not thus pure, it soon would rend;
If earth were not thus sure, it would break and bend;
Without these powers, the spirits soon would fail;
If not so filled, the drought would parch each vale;
Without that life, creatures would pass away;
Princes and kings, without that moral sway,
However grand and high, would all decay.
Thus it is that dignity finds its (firm) root in its (previous) meanness, and what is lofty finds its stability in the lowness (from which it rises). Hence princes and kings call themselves âOrphans,â âMen of small virtue,â and as âCarriages without a nave.â Is not this an acknowledgment that in their considering themselves mean they see the foundation of their dignity? So it is that in the enumeration of the different parts of a carriage we do not come on what makes it answer the ends of a carriage. They do not wish to show themselves elegant-looking as jade, but (prefer) to be coarse-looking as an (ordinary) stone.
Voici les choses qui jadis ont obtenu lâUnitĂ©.
Le ciel est pur parce quâil a obtenu lâUnitĂ©.
La terre est en repos parce quâelle a obtenu lâUnitĂ©.
Les esprits sont douĂ©s dâune intelligence divine parce quâils ont obtenu lâUnitĂ©.
Les vallĂ©es se remplissent parce quâelles ont obtenu lâUnitĂ©.
Les dix mille ĂȘtres naissent parce quâils ont obtenu lâUnitĂ©.
Les princes et rois sont les modĂšles du monde parce quâils ont obtenu lâUnitĂ©.
VoilĂ ce que lâunitĂ© produit.
Si le ciel perdait sa pureté, il se dissoudrait;
Si la terre perdait son repos, elle sâĂ©croulerait;
Si les esprits perdaient leur intelligence divine, ils sâanĂ©antiraient;
Si les vallées ne se remplissaient plus, elles se dessécheraient;
Si les dix mille ĂȘtres ne naissaient plus, ils sâĂ©teindraient;
Si les princes et les rois sâenorgueillissaient de leur noblesse et de leur Ă©lĂ©vation, et cessaient dâĂȘtre les modĂšles (du monde), ils seraient renversĂ©s.
Câest pourquoi les nobles regardent la roture comme leur origine; les hommes Ă©levĂ©s regardent la bassesse de la condition comme leur premier fondement.
De lĂ vient que les princes et les rois sâappellent eux-mĂȘmes orphelins, hommes de peu de mĂ©rite, hommes dĂ©nuĂ©s de vertu.
Ne montrent-ils pas par lĂ quâils regardent la roture comme leur vĂ©ritable origine? Et ils ont raison!
Câest pourquoi si vous dĂ©composez un char, vous nâavez plus de char.
(Le sage) ne veut pas ĂȘtre estimĂ© comme le jade, ni mĂ©prisĂ© comme la pierre.
40
Chapitre XL
The movement of the Tao
By contraries proceeds;
And weakness marks the course
Of Taoâs mighty deeds.
All things under heaven sprang from It as existing (and named); that existence sprang from It as non-existent (and not named).
Le retour au non-ĂȘtre (produit) le mouvement du Tao.
La faiblesse est la fonction du Tao.
Toutes les choses du monde sont nĂ©es de lâĂȘtre; lâĂȘtre est nĂ© du non-ĂȘtre.
41
Chapitre XLI
Scholars of the highest class, when they hear about the Tao, earnestly carry it into practice. Scholars of the middle class, when they have heard about it, seem now to keep it and now to lose it. Scholars of the lowest class, when they have heard about it, laugh greatly at it. If it were not (thus) laughed at, it would not be fit to be the Tao.
Therefore the sentence-makers have thus expressed themselves:â
âThe Tao, when brightest seen, seems light to lack;
Who progress in it makes, seems drawing back;
Its even way is like a rugged track.
Its highest virtue from the vale doth rise;
Its greatest beauty seems to offend the eyes;
And he has most whose lot the least supplies.
Its firmest virtue seems but poor and low;
Its solid truth seems change to undergo;
Its largest square doth yet no corner show
A vessel great, it is the slowest made;
Loud is its sound, but never word it said;
A semblance great, the shadow of a shade.â
The Tao is hidden, and has no name; but it is the Tao which is skilful at imparting (to all things what they need) and making them complete.
Quand les lettrés supérieurs ont entendu parler du Tao, ils le pratiquent avec zÚle.
Quand les lettrés du second ordre ont entendu parler du Tao, tantÎt ils le conservent, tantÎt ils le perdent.
Quand les lettrĂ©s infĂ©rieurs ont entendu parler du Tao, imi ils le tournent en dĂ©rision. Sâils ne le tournaient pas en dĂ©rision, il ne mĂ©riterait pas le nom de Tao.
Câest pourquoi les anciens disaient:
Celui qui Ă lâintelligence du Tao paraĂźt enveloppĂ© de tĂ©nĂšbres.
Celui qui est avancé dans le Tao ressemble à un homme arriéré.
Celui qui est Ă la hauteur du Tao ressemble Ă un homme vulgaire.
Lâhomme dâune vertu supĂ©rieure est comme une vallĂ©e.
Lâhomme dâune grande puretĂ© est comme couvert dâopprobre.
Lâhomme dâun mĂ©rite immense paraĂźt frappĂ© dâincapacitĂ©.
Lâhomme dâune vertu solide semble dĂ©nuĂ© dâactivitĂ©.
Lihomme simple et vrai semble vil et dégradé.
Câest un grand carrĂ© dont on ne voit pas les angles; un grand vase qui semble loin dâĂȘtre achevĂ©; une grande voix dont le son est imperceptible; une grande image dont on nâaperçoit point la forme!
Le Tao se cache et personne ne peut le nommer.
Il sait prĂȘter (secours aux ĂȘtres) et les conduire Ă la perfection.
42
Chapitre XLII
The Tao produced One; One produced Two; Two produced Three; Three produced All things. All things leave behind them the Obscurity (out of which they have come), and go forward to embrace the Brightness (into which they have emerged), while they are harmonised by the Breath of Vacancy.
What men dislike is to be orphans, to have little virtue, to be as carriages without naves; and yet these are the designations which kings and princes use for themselves. So it is that some things are increased by being diminished, and others are diminished by being increased.
What other men (thus) teach, I also teach. The violent and strong do not die their natural death. I will make this the basis of my teaching.
Le Tao a produit un; un a produit deux; deux a produit trois; trois a produit tous les ĂȘtres.
Tous les ĂȘtres fuient le calme et cherchent le mouvement.
Un souffle immatĂ©riel forme lâharmonie.
Ce que les hommes dĂ©testent, câest dâĂȘtre orphelins, imparfaits, dĂ©nuĂ©s de vertu, et cependant les rois s'appellent ainsi eux-mĂȘmes.
Câest pourquoi, parmi les ĂȘtres, les uns sâaugmentent en se diminuant; les autres se diminuent en sâaugmentant.
Ce que les hommes enseignent, je lâenseigne aussi.
Les hommes violents et inflexibles nâobtiennent point une mort naturelle.
Je veux prendre leur exemple pour la base de mes instructions.
43
Chapitre XLIII
The softest thing in the world dashes against and overcomes the hardest; that which has no (substantial) existence enters where there is no crevice. I know hereby what advantage belongs to doing nothing (with a purpose).
There are few in the world who attain to the teaching without words, and the advantage arising from non-action.
Les choses les plus molles du monde subjuguent les choses les plus dures du monde.
Le non-ĂȘtre traverse les choses impĂ©nĂ©trables. Câest par lĂ que je sais que le non-agir est utile.
Dans lâunivers, il y a bien peu dâhommes qui sachent instruire sans parler et tirer profit du non-agir.
44
Chapitre XLIV
Or fame or life,
Which do you hold more dear?
Or life or wealth,
To which would you adhere?
Keep life and lose those other things;
Keep them and lose your life:âwhich brings
Sorrow and pain more near?
Thus we may see,
Who cleaves to fame
Rejects what is more great;
Who loves large stores
Gives up the richer state.
Who is content
Needs fear no shame.
Who knows to stop
Incurs no blame.
From danger free
Long live shall he.
Quâest-ce qui nous touche de plus prĂšs, de notre gloire ou de notre personne?
Quâest-ce qui nous est le plus prĂ©cieux, de notre personne ou de nos richesses?
Quel est le plus grand malheur, de les acquérir ou de les perdre?
Câest pourquoi celui qui a de grandes passions est nĂ©cessairement exposĂ© Ă de grands sacrifices.
Celui qui cache un riche trésor éprouve nécessairement de grandes pertes.
Celui qui sait se suffire est Ă lâabri du dĂ©shonneur.
Celui qui sait sâarrĂȘter ne pĂ©riclite jamais.
Il pourra subsister longtemps.
45
Chapitre XLV
Who thinks his great achievements poor
Shall find his vigour long endure.
Of greatest fulness, deemed a void,
Exhaustion neâer shall stem the tide.
Do thou whatâs straight still crooked deem;
Thy greatest art still stupid seem,
And eloquence a stammering scream.
Constant action overcomes cold; being still overcomes heat. Purity and stillness give the correct law to all under heaven.
(Le Saint) est grandement parfait, et il paraĂźt plein dâimperfections; ses ressources ne sâusent point.
Il est grandement plein, et il paraĂźt vide; ses ressources · ne sâĂ©puisent point.
Il est grandement droit, et il semble manquer de rectitude.
Il est grandement ingénieux, et il paraßt stupide.
Il est grandement disert, et il paraĂźt bĂšgue.
Le mouvement triomphe du froid; le repos triomphe de la chaleur.
Celui qui est pur et tranquille devient le modĂšle de lâunivers.
46
Chapitre XLVI
When the Tao prevails in the world, they send back their swift horses to (draw) the dung-carts. When the Tao is disregarded in the world, the war-horses breed in the border lands.
There is no guilt greater than to sanction ambition; no calamity greater than to be discontented with oneâs lot; no fault greater than the wish to be getting. Therefore the sufficiency of contentment is an enduring and unchanging sufficiency.
Lorsque le Tao régnait dans le monde, on renvoyait les chevaux pour cultiver les champs.
f Depuis que le Tao ne rĂšgne plus dans le monde, les chevaux de combat naissent sur les frontiĂšres.
Il nây a pas de plus grand crime que de se livrer Ă ses dĂ©sirs.
Il nây a pas de plus grand malheur que de ne pas savoir se suffire.
il Il nây a pas de plus grande calamitĂ© que le dĂ©sir dâacquĂ©rir.
Celui qui sait se suffire est toujours content de son sort.
47
Chapitre XLVII
Without going outside his door, one understands (all that takes place) under the sky; without looking out from his window, one sees the Tao of Heaven. The farther that one goes out (from himself), the less he knows.
Therefore the sages got their knowledge without travelling; gave their (right) names to things without seeing them; and accomplished their ends without any purpose of doing so.
Sans sortir de ma maison, je connais lâunivers; sans regarder par ma fenĂȘtre, Je dĂ©couvre les voies du ciel.
Plus lâon sâĂ©loigne et moins l'on apprend.
Câest pourquoi le sage arrive (oĂč il veut) sans marcher; il nomme les objets sans les voir; sans agir, il accomplit de grandes choses.
48
Chapitre XLVIII
He who devotes himself to learning (seeks) from day to day to increase (his knowledge); he who devotes himself to the Tao (seeks) from day to day to diminish (his doing).
He diminishes it and again diminishes it, till he arrives at doing nothing (on purpose). Having arrived at this point of non-action, there is nothing which he does not do.
He who gets as his own all under heaven does so by giving himself no trouble (with that end). If one take trouble (with that end), he is not equal to getting as his own all under heaven.
Celui qui se livre Ă lâĂ©tude augmente chaque jour (ses connaissances).
Celui qui se livre au Tao diminue chaque jour (ses passions).
Il les diminue et les diminue sans cesse jusquâĂ ce quâil soit arrivĂ© au non-agir.
DĂšs quâil pratique le non-agir, il nây a rien qui lui soit impossible.
Câest toujours par le non-agir que lâon devient le maĂźtre de lâempire.
Celui qui aime Ă agir est incapable de devenir le maĂźtre de lâempire.
49
Chapitre XLIX
The sage has no invariable mind of his own; he makes the mind of the people his mind.
To those who are good (to me), I am good; and to those who are not good (to me), I am also good;âand thus (all) get to be good. To those who are sincere (with me), I am sincere; and to those who are not sincere (with me), I am also sincere;âand thus (all) get to be sincere.
The sage has in the world an appearance of indecision, and keeps his mind in a state of indifference to all. The people all keep their eyes and ears directed to him, and he deals with them all as his children.
Le Saint nâa point de sentiments immuables. Il adopte les sentiments du peuple.
Celui qui est vertueux, il le traite comme un homme vertueux; celui qui nâest pas vertueux, il le traite aussi comme un homme vertueux. Câest lĂ le comble de la vertu.
Celui qui est sincĂšre, il le traitĂ© comme un homme sincĂšre; celui qui nâest pas sincĂšre, il le traitĂ© aussi comme un homme sincĂšre. Câest lĂ le comble de la sincĂ©ritĂ©.
Le Saint vivant dans le monde reste calme et tranquille, et conserve les mĂȘmes sentiments pour tous.
Les cent familles attachent sur lui leurs oreilles et leurs yeux.
Le Saint regarde le peuple comme un enfant.
50
Chapitre L
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