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Éloge de la folie / The Praise of Folly — ĐœĐ° Ń„Ń€Đ°ĐœŃ†ŃƒĐ·ŃĐșаĐč і Đ°ĐœĐłĐ»Ń–ĐčсĐșаĐč ĐŒĐŸĐČах. ĐĄŃ‚Đ°Ń€ĐŸĐœĐșа 9

Đ€Ń€Đ°ĐœŃ†ŃƒĐ·ŃĐșа-Đ°ĐœĐłĐ»Ń–ĐčсĐșая ĐșĐœŃ–ĐłĐ°-Đ±Ń–Đ»Ń–ĐœĐłĐČа

Érasme

Éloge de la folie

Desiderius Erasmus Roterodamus

The Praise of Folly

Trouvez-vous pas bien divertissante cette rĂšgle qui commande mathĂ©matiquement leurs moindres actions et qu’on ne peut enfreindre sans ĂȘtre damnĂ© !

Yet what is more pleasant than that they do all things by rule and, as it were, a kind of mathematics, the least swerving from which were a crime beyond forgiveness—

Leurs souliers doivent avoir tant de nƓuds ; la ceinture telle couleur, leur vĂȘtement telle coupe. L’étoffe, la forme et l’ampleur prĂ©cises du capuchon, le diamĂštre exact de la tonsure ; le nombre d’heures consacrĂ©es sur sommeil ; tout est prĂ©vu.

as how many knots their shoes must be tied with, of what color everything is, what distinction of habits, of what stuff made, how many straws broad their girdles and of what fashion, how many bushels wide their cowl, how many fingers long their hair, and how many hours sleep;

Il est facile de comprendre combien cette uniformitĂ© s’accorde avec la diversitĂ© presque infinie des tempĂ©raments et des caractĂšres.

which exact equality, how disproportionate it is, among such variety of bodies and tempers, who is there that does not perceive it?

Au milieu de tant de niaiseries, ils ne se contentent pas de mĂ©priser les gens du monde ; ils se dĂ©chirent encore entr’eux ; et ces gens qui font profession de charitĂ© apostolique, cherchent noise Ă  quiconque porte un habit diffĂ©rent du leur et quelque peu plus foncĂ© en couleur.

And yet by reason of these fooleries they not only set slight by others, but each different order, men otherwise professing apostolical charity, despise one another, and for the different wearing of a habit, or that ’tis of darker color, they put all things in combustion.

Rigoureux observateurs des statuts de leur ordre, les uns portent ostensiblement l’habit de pĂ©nitence ; il est vrai de dire qu’ils ont de la toile fine en dessous ; les autres au contraire portent la toile au-dessus et la laine au-dessous.

And among these there are some so rigidly religious that their upper garment is haircloth, their inner of the finest linen; and, on the contrary, others wear linen without and hair next their skins.

Il en est qui craignent de palper un Ă©cu Ă  l’égal d’une vipĂšre ; mais de boire et de caresser les ribaudes ils ne se font faute.

Others, again, are as afraid to touch money as poison, and yet neither forbear wine nor dallying with women.


In a word, ’tis their only care that none of them come near one another in their manner of living,

Leur ambition n’est pas de ressembler au Christ, mais de ne pas se ressembler entr’eux.

nor do they endeavor how they may be like Christ, but how they may differ among themselves.

Les surnoms qu’ils se sont donnĂ©s entrent pour beaucoup dans leur bonheur ; on peut ĂȘtre fier d’ĂȘtre cordelier en tant qu’espĂšce gĂ©nĂ©rale, et comme genre particulier d’ĂȘtre rĂ©collet, mineur, minime, ou bulliste.

And another great happiness they conceive in their names, while they call themselves Cordiliers, and among these too, some are Colletes, some Minors, some Minims, some Crossed;

Puis viennent ceux qui se nomment bĂ©nĂ©dictins, bernardins, brigittins, augustins, guilhelmistes et jacobites. On dirait que le nom de chrĂ©tien n’est plus assez beau !

and again, these are Benedictines, those Bernardines; these Carmelites, those Augustines; these Williamites, and those Jacobines; as if it were not worth the while to be called Christians.

Les trois quarts de tout ce monde attachent tant d’importance Ă  leurs pratiques et aux habitudes du cloĂźtre, qu’à les en croire, ce n’est guĂšre du paradis pour les rĂ©compenser de tant de zĂšle, comme si le Christ pouvait mettre dans la balance, pour peser leurs Ɠuvres, autre chose que la charitĂ©, ce fondement de sa loi !

And of these, a great part build so much on their ceremonies and petty traditions of men that they think one heaven is too poor a reward for so great merit, little dreaming that the time will come when Christ, not regarding any of these trifles, will call them to account for His precept of charity.

Au dernier jour, il fera beau les voir produire qui sa bedaine farcie de poissons,

One shall show you a large trough full of all kinds of fish;

qui ses milliers de psaumes,

another tumble you out so many bushels of prayers;

qui ses jeĂ»nes multipliĂ©s suivis d’autant de repas oĂč il a failli crever de nourriture,

another reckon you so many myriads of fasts, and fetch them up again in one dinner by eating till he cracks again;

qui un tas de cérémonies monacales capables de charger sept vaisseaux !

another produces more bundles of ceremonies than seven of the stoutest ships would be able to carry;

Il fera beau les voir, celui-ci se vanter d’avoir passĂ© soixante ans sans toucher une piĂšce d’argent
 autrement qu’avec une double paire de gants ;

another brags he has not touched a penny these three score years without two pair of gloves at least upon his hands;

celui-lĂ  Ă©taler un capuchon si sordide et si gras qu’un matelot refuserait de le porter ;

another wears a cowl so lined with grease that the poorest tarpaulin would not stoop to take it up;

ou cet autre encore rappeler qu’il a vĂ©cu comme une Ă©ponge, toujours attachĂ© au mĂȘme rocher ! En vain celui-ci allĂ©guera sa voix enrouĂ©e Ă  force de chanter, celui-lĂ  l’hĂ©bĂštement produit par la solitude oĂč il s’est plongĂ©, cet autre le long silence qui lui a paralysĂ© la langue ;

another will tell you he has lived these fifty-five years like a sponge, continually fastened to the same place; another is grown hoarse with his daily chanting; another has contracted a lethargy by his solitary living; and another the palsy in his tongue for want of speaking.

le Christ interrompra ces apologies sans fin : « D’oĂč venez-vous, dira-t-il, nouvelle race de Juifs ?

But Christ, interrupting them in their vanities, which otherwise were endless, will ask them, “Whence this new kind of Jews?

vous me parlez de tout, excepté de ma loi, la seule que je comprenne.

I acknowledge one commandment, which is truly mine, of which alone I hear nothing.

Je l’ai dit clairement autrefois et sans parabole, ce n’est pas aux frocs, aux oraisons, aux abstinences que j’ai promis le royaume de mon pĂšre, c’est aux Ɠuvres de charitĂ©.

I promised, ’tis true, my Father’s heritage, and that without parables, not to cowls, odd prayers, and fastings, but to the duties of faith and charity.

ArriĂšre ! vous qui Ă©valuez si bien vos propres mĂ©rites, et vous donnez pour plus saints que moi. Allez chercher un paradis loin d’ici. Demandez de vous en bĂątir un Ă  ceux-lĂ  qui ont mis des pratiques oĂč j’avais mis ma loi. »

Nor can I acknowledge them that least acknowledge their faults. They that would seem holier than myself, let them if they like possess to themselves those three hundred sixty-five heavens of Basilides the heretic’s invention, or command them whose foolish traditions they have preferred before my precepts to erect them a new one.

Quand retentira cet arrĂȘt terrible et qu’ils se verront prĂ©fĂ©rer des matelots et des charretiers, quelle mine se feront-ils selon vous ? —

“When they shall hear these things and see common ordinary persons preferred before them, with what countenance, think you, will they behold one another?

En attendant, moi, la Folie, je les rends heureux en les berçant d’espĂ©rance.

In the meantime they are happy in their hopes, and for this also they are beholding to me.

Quoiqu’ils soient morts pour lui, le monde se garde bien de laisser voir son mĂ©pris Ă  ces enfroquĂ©s, surtout aux ordres mendiants. Car ils possĂšdent les secrets des familles, grĂące Ă  la confession qu’ils mettent tous leurs soins Ă  provoquer.

And yet these kind of people, though they are as it were of another commonwealth, no man dares despise, especially those begging friars, because they are privy to all men’s secrets by means of confessions, as they call them.

C’est pour eux cas damnable d’en rĂ©vĂ©ler quelque chose, je le sais, mais il arrive parfois, quand ils ont trop fĂȘtĂ© la dive bouteille, qu’ils cherchent Ă  Ă©gayer la sociĂ©tĂ© par de piquantes anecdotes. Ils laissent alors comprendre la comĂ©die, sans nommer les acteurs. —

Which yet were no less than treason to discover, unless, being got drunk, they have a mind to be pleasant, and then all comes out, that is to say by hints and conjectures but suppressing the names.

Avez-vous par mĂ©garde irritĂ© ces frelons, ils s’en vengent dans quelque prĂŽne, ou ils dĂ©cochent Ă  leurs ennemis des phrases obliques, si transparentes pourtant, qu’il faudrait ĂȘtre stupide pour ne pas reconnaĂźtre Ă  qui ils en veulent.

But if anyone should anger these wasps, they’ll sufficiently revenge themselves in their public sermons and so point out their enemy by circumlocutions that there’s no one but understands whom ’tis they mean, unless he understand nothing at all;

Le cerbĂšre ne cessera pas d’aboyer, avant que vous ne lui ayez jetĂ© dans la gueule le gĂąteau de miel.

nor will they give over their barking till you throw the dogs a bone.

Regardez maintenant nos gens en chaire, et dites s’il y a comĂ©diens ou bateleurs qui vaillent ces rhĂ©toriciens ridicules, lorsqu’ils copient les procĂ©dĂ©s de l’art oratoire.

And now tell me, what juggler or mountebank you had rather behold than hear them rhetorically play the fool in their preachments, and yet most sweetly imitating what rhetoricians have written touching the art of good speaking?

Grands dieux ! Voyez-les gesticuler, changer mal Ă  propos de ton, chanter, faire la roue, se grimer en un clin d’Ɠil et Ă©branler le temple de leurs glapissements ! Cet art de dire est un secret que le moine transmet pieusement au moinillon.

Good God! what several postures they have! How they shift their voice, sing out their words, skip up and down, and are ever and anon making such new faces that they confound all things with noise! And yet this knack of theirs is no less a mystery that runs in succession from one brother to another;

Bien qu’il ne me soit pas donnĂ© d’ĂȘtre initiĂ© complĂštement Ă  d’aussi profonds mystĂšres, je dois vous dire cependant ce qu’il m’en semble de plus probable. D’abord l’orateur commence par une invocation Ă  l’imitation des poĂ«tes ;

which though it be not lawful for me to know, however I’ll venture at it by conjectures. And first they invoke whatever they have scraped from the poets;

ensuite, s’il doit parler de charitĂ©, il ne manque pas de pĂȘcher son exorde dans le Nil d’Égypte ; s’il s’agit des mystĂšres de la Croix, il dĂ©bute finement par quelques mots sur Bel, le dragon babylonien. Parle-t-il du carĂȘme, il prend son point de dĂ©part aux douze signes du Zodiaque ; de la foi, il prĂ©lude par quelques considĂ©rations sur la quadrature du cercle.

and in the next place, if they are to discourse of charity, they take their rise from the river Nilus; or to set out the mystery of the cross, from bell and the dragon; or to dispute of fasting, from the twelve signs of the zodiac; or, being to preach of faith, ground their matter on the square of a circle.

J’ai entendu de mes propres oreilles un de ces maĂźtres fous
 un de ces docteurs, voulais-je dire, il avait Ă  parler, devant un auditoire choisi, du mystĂšre de la TrinitĂ©. Voulant faire du neuf et flatter l’oreille des thĂ©ologiens, il prit une voie nouvelle et ne trouva rien de mieux que de parler des lettres de l’alphabet, des syllabes et des parties du discours, puis, de la concordance du sujet et du verbe, de l’adjectif et du substantif. L’auditoire entier tombait des nues et se disait comme Horace : OĂč veut-il en venir avec ces inepties ?

I have heard myself one, and he no small fool—I was mistaken, I would have said scholar—that being in a famous assembly explaining the mystery of the Trinity, that he might both let them see his learning was not ordinary and withal satisfy some theological ears, he took a new way, to wit from the letters, syllables, and the word itself; then from the coherence of the nominative case and the verb, and the adjective and substantive: and while most of the audience wondered, and some of them muttered that of Horace, “What does all this trumpery drive at?”

Bref, il eut le talent de dĂ©couvrir dans les Ă©lĂ©ments de la grammaire le symbole de la TrinitĂ©, mais si exactement qu’un mathĂ©maticien n’aurait pu mieux faire.

at last he brought the matter to this head, that he would demonstrate that the mystery of the Trinity was so clearly expressed in the very rudiments of grammar that the best mathematician could not chalk it out more plainly.

Ce chef-d’Ɠuvre avait coĂ»tĂ© huit mois de travail Ă  cet archi-thĂ©ologien ; il en est devenu aveugle, car son esprit a absorbĂ© la lumiĂšre de ses yeux.

And in this discourse did this most superlative theologian beat his brains for eight whole months that at this hour he’s as blind as a beetle, to wit, all the sight of his eyes being run into the sharpness of his wit.

N’allez pas croire pourtant qu’il y ait le moindre regret ; il est persuadĂ© que c’est lĂ  de la gloire achetĂ©e Ă  trop bon compte.

But for all that he thinks nothing of his blindness, rather taking the same for too cheap a price of such a glory as he won thereby.

J’ai eu la bonne fortune de rencontrer un autre octogĂ©naire qu’on eĂ»t pris pour une incarnation de Scott.

And besides him I met with another, some eighty years of age, and such a divine that you’d have sworn Scotus himself was revived in him.

Les mystĂšres du nom de JĂ©sus, tel Ă©tait son sujet. Il commença par dĂ©montrer avec une subtilitĂ© charmante, comme quoi dans les lettres mĂȘmes de ce nom, on trouvait tout ce qu’il y avait Ă  dire du Sauveur.

He, being upon the point of unfolding the mystery of the name Jesus, did with wonderful subtlety demonstrate that there lay hidden in those letters whatever could be said of him;

En effet, disait-il, Jésus à trois cas en latin, image évidente de la Trinité ;

for that it was only declined with three cases, he said, it was a manifest token of the Divine Trinity;

le premier se termine en s, le second en m, le troisiĂšme en u ; mystĂšre ineffable, car chacune de ces lettres indique que JĂ©sus est le sommet (summum) le milieu (medium) et l’ultime (ultimum) des choses.

and then, that the first ended in S, the second in M, the third in U, there was in it an ineffable mystery, to wit, those three letters declaring to us that he was the beginning, middle, and end (summum, medium, et ultimum) of all.

Ce n’était rien encore, les mathĂ©matiques n’avaient rien de plus abstrait que ce qui allait suivre. Coupez, ajoutait-il, le mot en deux parties Ă©gales ; retenez seulement l’s mĂ©diale. Cette lettre, que nous extrayons de JĂ©sus, se nomme syn chez les HĂ©breux ; or syn est un mot Ă©cossais qui veut dire pĂ©chĂ©,

Nay, the mystery was yet more abstruse; for he so mathematically split the word Jesus into two equal parts that he left the middle letter by itself, and then told us that that letter in Hebrew was schin or sin, and that sin in the Scotch tongue, as he remembered, signified as much as sin;

cela nous dĂ©montre sans conteste que c’est JĂ©sus qui a ĂŽtĂ© le pĂ©chĂ© du monde.

from whence he gathered that it was Jesus that took away the sins of the world.

Cet exorde Ă©bahit tout l’auditoire, sans mĂȘme en excepter les thĂ©ologiens, qui restĂšrent pĂ©trifiĂ©s comme autrefois NiobĂ©. Pour moi, je fus sur le point d’imiter le Priape de Figuier lorsqu’il fut le tĂ©moin des sortilĂšges des deux sorciĂšres d’Horace.

At which new exposition the audience were so wonderfully intent and struck with admiration, especially the theologians, that there wanted little but that Niobe-like they had been turned to stones; whereas the like had almost happened to me, as befell the Priapus in Horace.

Et il y avait bien de quoi ? Vit-on jamais pareilles jongleries dans le grec de DémosthÚnes ou le latin de Cicéron ?

And not without cause, for when were the Grecian Demosthenes or Roman Cicero ever guilty of the like?

Ces orateurs tenaient pour mauvais un exorde qui ne se rattachait pas au sujet mĂȘme. Sans autre maĂźtre que la nature, un bouvier connaĂźt cette rĂšgle.

They thought that introduction faulty that was wide of the matter, as if it were not the way of carters and swineherds that have no more wit than God sent them.

Mais, au contraire, si on en croit nos docteurs, le vrai chef-d’Ɠuvre de rhĂ©torique est un prĂ©ambule (c’est le terme consacrĂ©) qui n’a aucun rapport avec le reste du discours ; ils ne sont satisfaits que si leurs auditeurs effarĂ©s se demandent : « OĂč veulent-ils donc en venir ? —

But these learned men think their preamble, for so they call it, then chiefly rhetorical when it has least coherence with the rest of the argument, that the admiring audience may in the meanwhile whisper to themselves, “What will he be at now?”

S’ils disent un mot de l’Évangile,

In the third place, they bring in instead of narration some texts of Scripture, but handle them cursorily, and as it were by the bye, when yet it is the only thing they should have insisted on.

c’est bien entendu en passant et par maniĂšre d’anecdote, sans prendre la peine de l’expliquer, bien qu’en rĂ©alitĂ© ils dussent borner leurs discours Ă  cette explication. Puis tout Ă  coup les voilĂ  qui mettent sur le tapis une question thĂ©ologique, la plupart du temps aussi Ă©trangĂšre au ciel qu’à la terre ; mais il paraĂźt que c’est lĂ  le comble de l’art.

And fourthly, as it were changing a part in the play, they bolt out with some question in divinity, and many times relating neither to earth nor heaven, and this they look upon as a piece of art.

C’est pour le coup qu’ils dressent la crĂȘte et citent Ă  tout propos les titres ronflants de leurs confrĂšres ; docteurs solennels, docteurs subtils, docteurs sĂ©raphiques, docteurs saints, docteurs irrĂ©fragables ;

Here they erect their theological crests and beat into the people’s ears those magnificent titles of illustrious doctors, subtle doctors, most subtle doctors, seraphic doctors, cherubin doctors, holy doctors, unquestionable doctors, and the like;

c’est alors que viennent les syllogismes, les majeures, les mineures, les conclusions, les corollaires, les suppositions, et mille autres niaiseries scolastiques, qui obtiennent le plus grand succùs prùs du vulgaire, qui n’y voit goutte.

and then throw abroad among the ignorant people syllogisms, majors, minors, conclusions, corollaries, suppositions, and those so weak and foolish that they are below pedantry.

Reste le cinquiĂšme acte, oĂč l’orateur doit se surpasser.

There remains yet the fifth act in which one would think they should show their mastery.

Cette fois, il avance quelque vieille fable absurde, tirĂ©e du Miroir des histoires ou des Gestes des Romains et l’explique au triple point de vue allĂ©gorique, tropologique et anagogique.

And here they bring in some foolish insipid fable out of _Speculum Historiale_ or _Gesta Romanorum_ and expound it allegorically, tropologically, and anagogically.

Ainsi finit leur discours, monstre bizarre, dont n’approche pas celui que dĂ©crit Horace aux premiers vers de son Art poĂ©tique.

And after this manner do they and their chimera, and such as Horace despaired of compassing when he wrote “Humano capiti,” etc.

Ils ont pris je ne sais oĂč que l’exorde doit ĂȘtre dĂ©bitĂ© lentement et sans Ă©clat. Que font nos gens ?

But they have heard from somebody, I know not whom, that the beginning of a speech should be sober and grave and least given to noise.

Ils commencent de façon Ă  ne pas s’entendre eux-mĂȘmes, excellente mĂ©thode pour n’ĂȘtre compris de personne.

And therefore they begin theirs at that rate they can scarce hear themselves, as if it were not matter whether anyone understood them.

On leur a dit que, pour remuer les passions, il fallait élever le ton ;

They have learned somewhere that to move the affections a louder voice is requisite.

pour obĂ©ir au prĂ©cepte, au moment oĂč on s’y attend le moins, ils passent tout Ă  coup Ă  des Ă©clats furieux.

Whereupon they that otherwise would speak like a mouse in a cheese start out of a sudden into a downright fury, even there too, where there’s the least need of it.

Ce serait bien le cas de leur offrir un grain d’ellĂ©bore ; mais crier pour les arrĂȘter, ce serait peine perdue !

A man would swear they were past the power of hellebore, so little do they consider where ’tis they run out.

Il est encore de tradition chez eux que l’orateur doit s’échauffer par degrĂ©s. Aussi, aprĂšs avoir dĂ©butĂ© cahin-caha, se prennent-ils sans transition Ă  hurler, mĂȘme Ă  l’endroit le plus glacial ; par contre, ils finissent si bas qu’on croirait leur voir rendre l’ñme.

Again, because they have heard that as a speech comes up to something, a man should press it more earnestly, they, however they begin, use a strange contention of voice in every part, though the matter itself be never so flat, and end in that manner as if they’d run themselves out of breath.

La rhĂ©torique leur a appris que la plaisanterie est un moyen oratoire ; ils s’ingĂ©nient donc Ă  saupoudrer leurs discours de traits plaisants. Mais, par VĂ©nus ! rien n’égale leur grĂące et leur Ă -propos ; il semble voir des Ăąnes jouer de la lyre ! —

Lastly, they have learned that among rhetoricians there is some mention of laughter, and therefore they study to prick in a jest here and there; but, O Venus! so void of wit and so little to the purpose that it may be truly called an ass’s playing on the harp.

Quelquefois ces enfroquĂ©s essayent bien de mordre ; mais ils chatouillent plutĂŽt qu’ils ne blessent, et ils ne flattent jamais mieux leur auditoire que lorsqu’ils affectent de lui dire librement la vĂ©ritĂ©.

And sometimes also they use somewhat of a sting, but so nevertheless that they rather tickle than wound; nor do they ever more truly flatter than when they would seem to use the greatest freedom of speech.

En somme, Ă  leur pantomime, Ă  leur dĂ©clamation on jurerait qu’ils ont Ă©tĂ© Ă  l’école des bateleurs qui, il faut l’avouer, leur sont bien supĂ©rieurs.

Lastly, such is their whole action that a man would swear they had learned it from our common tumblers, though yet they come short of them in every respect.

Au surplus, il y a tant de points de contact, qu’on hĂ©site Ă  dĂ©cider si ce sont les moines qui ont enseignĂ© la rhĂ©torique aux pĂźtres, ou les pĂźtres aux moines.

However, they are both so like that no man will dispute but that either these learned their rhetoric from them, or they theirs from these.

MalgrĂ© cela, grĂące Ă  moi, il y a encore des gens qui les regardent comme des DĂ©mosthĂšnes et des CicĂ©rons ; les marchands et les femmes surtout s’y laissent prendre.

And yet they light on some that, when they hear them, conceive they hear very Demosthenes and Ciceroes:

Aussi, est-ce Ă  cette partie du public qu’ils cherchent avant tout Ă  plaire ; avec un peu d’adresse, ils finissent toujours par pousser les premiers Ă  leur lĂącher quelques miettes de leurs biens mal acquis ; quant aux autres, elles ont mille raisons d’aimer les bons pĂšres, ne fĂ»t-ce que pour Ă©pancher dans leur sein tout le mal qu’elles pensent de leurs maris.

of which sort chiefly are our merchants and women, whose ears only they endeavor to please, because as to the first, if they stroke them handsomely, some part or other of their ill-gotten goods is wont to fall to their share. And the women, though for many other things they favor this order, this is not the least, that they commit to their breasts whatever discontents they have against their husbands.

J’en ai dit assez, il me semble, pour vous montrer de combien m’est redevable cette espùce d’hommes, qui, pour exercer, à l’aide de leurs momeries, leurs niaiseries et leurs clameurs, une sorte de tyrannie sur le monde, se prennent pour des Saint Paul et des Saint Antoine.

And now, I conceive me, you see how much this kind of people are beholding to me, that with their petty ceremonies, ridiculous trifles, and noise exercise a kind of tyranny among mankind, believing themselves very Pauls and Anthonies.

LV

LV

Mais laissons ces histrions, ce sont des ingrats qui dissimulent aussi adroitement mes bienfaits, qu’ils simulent adroitement la piĂ©tĂ©. Parlons maintenant des rois et des princes qui se montrent si ouvertement mes adeptes ; parlons-en librement, comme il convient de parler d’hommes libres.

But I willingly give over these stage-players that are such ingrateful dissemblers of the courtesies I have done them and such impudent pretenders to religion which they haven’t. And now I have a mind to give some small touches of princes and courts, of whom I am had in reverence, aboveboard and, as it becomes gentlemen, frankly.

Il est bien certain que s’ils avaient entre eux tous une demi-once de bon sens, rien ne serait plus triste et moins enviable que leur sort.

And truly, if they had the least proportion of sound judgment, what life were more unpleasant than theirs, or so much to be avoided?

En effet, il doit sembler bien cher d’affecter le pouvoir au prix d’un parjure ou d’un parricide, Ă  qui a exactement calculĂ© combien pĂšse une couronne sur la tĂȘte d’un roi vraiment roi.

For whoever did but truly weigh with himself how great a burden lies upon his shoulders that would truly discharge the duty of a prince, he would not think it worth his while to make his way to a crown by perjury and parricide.

Gouverner c’est veiller aux intĂ©rĂȘts publics et nĂ©gliger les siens. Le prince, auteur et exĂ©cuteur des lois, doit s’y montrer soumis tout le premier. Garant de l’intĂ©gritĂ© des ministres et des magistrats, tout le monde a l’Ɠil fixĂ© sur lui ; par l’exemple de ses mƓurs il peut Ă  son grĂ©, comme l’astre bienfaisant, rĂ©pandre le bonheur sur la terre, ou, comme la comĂšte funeste, semer partout la dĂ©solation et la ruine.

He would consider that he that takes a scepter in his hand should manage the public, not his private, interest; study nothing but the common good; and not in the least go contrary to those laws whereof himself is both the author and exactor: that he is to take an account of the good or evil administration of all his magistrates and subordinate officers; that, though he is but one, all men’s eyes are upon him, and in his power it is, either like a good planet to give life and safety to mankind by his harmless influence, or like a fatal comet to send mischief and destruction;

Les vices d’un citoyen se perdent dans la foule sans causer grand dommage, ceux du prince, fussent-ils mĂȘme lĂ©gers, empoisonnent comme une contagion toute la rĂ©publique.

that the vices of other men are not alike felt, nor so generally communicated; and that a prince stands in that place that his least deviation from the rule of honesty and honor reaches farther than himself and opens a gap to many men’s ruin.

Le prince est environnĂ© d’ennemis qui lui barrent le droit chemin, les plaisirs, la puissance, la flatterie, le luxe, contre lesquels il doit toujours ĂȘtre en garde, et, malgrĂ© tant de soins, il est encore trompĂ©.

Besides, that the fortune of princes has many things attending it that are but too apt to train them out of the way, as pleasure, liberty, flattery, excess; for which cause he should the more diligently endeavor and set a watch over himself, lest perhaps he be led aside and fail in his duty.

Sans parler des embĂ»ches, des ennemis, des pĂ©rils et des maximes qui menacent une tĂȘte couronnĂ©e, il est un roi immortel qui demande aux rois mortels compte de leurs moindres actions, et qui les juge d’autant plus sĂ©vĂšrement que leur rĂšgne a Ă©tĂ© entourĂ© de plus de splendeurs.

Lastly, to say nothing of treasons, ill will, and such other mischiefs he’s in jeopardy of, that that True King is over his head, who in a short time will call him to account for every the least trespass, and that so much the more severely by how much more mighty was the empire committed to his charge.

Si les princes se prĂ©occupaient de ces idĂ©es ou autres du mĂȘme genre (mais il faudrait pour cela qu’ils fussent quelque peu sages), il n’y aurait pour eux, si je ne me trompe ; ni sommeil paisible, ni festins agrĂ©ables.

These and the like if a prince should duly weigh, and weigh it he would if he were wise, he would neither be able to sleep nor take any hearty repast.

Mais heureusement je suis lĂ , moi, la Folie, et je les fais se reposer sur le hasard du soin de leurs empires, et ne prĂȘter l’oreille qu’à la flatterie tant ils ont peur qu’une pensĂ©e sĂ©rieuse ne vienne troubler leurs Ăąmes !

But now by my courtesy they leave all this care to the gods and are only taken up with themselves, not admitting anyone to their ear but such as know how to speak pleasant things and not trouble them with business.

Leur mĂ©tier de rois se borne, ils se l’imaginent, Ă  chasser sans trĂȘve ni cesse, Ă  monter de superbes chevaux, Ă  vendre chĂšrement Ă  leur profit les chasses et magistratures, et surtout Ă  trouver de nouveaux moyens d’enlever les biens de leurs sujets, pour en remplir leur trĂ©sor.

They believe they have discharged all the duty of a prince if they hunt every day, keep a stable of fine horses, sell dignities and commanderies, and invent new ways of draining the citizens’ purses and bringing it into their own exchequer;

Et les voit-on, pour y arriver, ressusciter de vieux titres, afin de couvrir du masque du droit leurs monstrueuses iniquités.

but under such dainty new-found names that though the thing be most unjust in itself, it carries yet some face of equity;

Il est vrai que, le tour fait, ils daignent adresser quelques compliments au peuple, afin de se ménager son affection au moins par un cÎté.

adding to this some little sweet’nings that whatever happens, they may be secure of the common people.

Figurez-vous un prince comme il y en a tant, ignorant des lois, sans souci du bien public, tout entier Ă  ses intĂ©rĂȘts et au plaisir, ennemi de la science, ennemi de la libertĂ© et de la vĂ©ritĂ©, ne songeant Ă  rien moins qu’au salut de la rĂ©publique et ne connaissant d’autre rĂšgle que son caprice et sa convenance ;

And now suppose someone, such as they sometimes are, a man ignorant of laws, little less than an enemy to the public good, and minding nothing but his own, given up to pleasure, a hater of learning, liberty, and justice, studying nothing less than the public safety, but measuring everything by his own will and profit;

pendez-lui au cou le collier de la Toison d’or, emblĂšme de la solidaritĂ© de toutes les vertus ; placez sur sa tĂȘte une couronne enrichie de brillants, destinĂ©e Ă  lui rappeler qu’il doit briller au milieu de ses sujets par ses actions hĂ©roĂŻques ; mettez-lui en main le sceptre, symbole de la justice et de l’impartialitĂ© qui doit animer son cƓur ; revĂȘtez-lui la pourpre, qui dĂ©signe l’amour ardent qu’un souverain doit porter Ă  son peuple.

and then put on him a golden chain that declares the accord of all virtues linked one to another; a crown set with diamonds, that should put him in mind how he ought to excel all others in heroic virtues; besides a scepter, the emblem of justice and an untainted heart; and lastly, a purple robe, a badge of that charity he owes the commonwealth.

Et maintenant que ce mauvais prince compare, s’il l’ose, ses vĂȘtements symboliques avec sa vie rĂ©elle. Pourra-t-il le faire sans rougir de tout cet appareil, et n’aura-t-il pas Ă  craindre qu’un railleur n’y veuille voir que des oripeaux de théùtre ?

All which if a prince should compare them with his own life, he would, I believe, be clearly ashamed of his bravery, and be afraid lest some or other gibing expounder turn all this tragical furniture into a ridiculous laughingstock.

LVI

LVI

Quant aux courtisans, il ne nous est pas possible de les oublier ; car rien au monde n’est rampant, servile, sot, abject et infatuĂ© de soi-mĂȘme comme cette espĂšce-lĂ .

And as to the court lords, what should I mention them? than most of whom though there be nothing more indebted, more servile, more witless, more contemptible, yet they would seem as they were the most excellent of all others.

Sur un seul point, ils font preuve d’une rare modestie : je veux dire qu’ils se contentent d’étaler dans leur parure l’or, les pierres prĂ©cieuses, la pourpre, insignes de sagesse et de vertu, et qu’ils laissent sans contestation aux autres Ă  pratiquer ces choses.

And yet in this only thing no men more modest, in that they are contented to wear about them gold, jewels, purple, and those other marks of virtue and wisdom;

Quel bonheur pour eux de pouvoir dire : le roi mon maßtre ! Ils se sont fait une science à eux ; faire la courbette, distribuer à propos les altesses sérénissimes, les majestés, les excellences ;

but for the study of the things themselves, they remit it to others, thinking it happiness enough for them that they can call the king master, have learned the cringe a la mode, know when and where to use those titles of Your Grace, My Lord, Your Magnificence;

se composer un visage imperturbable, oĂč sourit toujours la flatterie, en forment les principaux Ă©lĂ©ments.

in a word that they are past all shame and can flatter pleasantly.

Ainsi se résument les talents de messieurs de la cour.

For these are the arts that speak a man truly noble and an exact courtier.

Examinez-les d’un peu prĂšs ; ils vous paraĂźtront aussi stupides que les PhĂ©aciens d’Ulysse, aussi crapuleux que les amants de PĂ©nĂ©lope. Quant au reste, Ă©coutez l’écho des palais, il en sait plus long que moi.

But if you look into their manner of life you’ll find them mere sots, as debauched as Penelope’s wooers; you know the other part of the verse, which the echo will better tell you than I can.

Un bon courtisan dort jusqu’à midi. Le chapelain mercenaire qui Ă©pie son rĂ©veil, lui expĂ©die bien vite une messe, qu’il Ă©coute en robe de chambre.

They sleep till noon and have their mercenary Levite come to their bedside, where he chops over his matins before they are half up.

Monseigneur déjeune : le dßner suit de prÚs.

Then to breakfast, which is scarce done but dinner stays for them.

Ensuite viennent les dés, les échecs, les comédiens, les bouffons, les filles et les folies.

From thence they go to dice, tables, cards, or entertain themselves with jesters, fools, gambols, and horse tricks.

Dans les intervalles, on fait collation.

In the meantime they have one or two beverages,

Puis c’est le souper, et l’on banquette une partie de la nuit.

and then supper, and after that a banquet, and ’twere well, by Jupiter, there were no more than one.

VoilĂ  comment s’écoulent pour lui, loin des prĂ©occupations, les heures, les jours, les mois, les annĂ©es et les siĂšcles.

And in this manner do their hours, days, months, years, age slide away without the least irksomeness.

La vanitĂ© des courtisans va jusque-lĂ  qu’elle me fatigue. Ça ne doit Ă©tonner personne, avoir cette nymphe de cour se croire d’autant plus dĂ©esse que la queue de sa robe est plus longue ; Ă  voir cet important se faire jour dans la foule, Ă  coups de coude, pour arriver plus prĂšs de Jupiter ; Ă  voir ce fat s’admirer de bonne foi Ă  cause de la lourde chaĂźne qu’il s’est pendue au cou et qui tĂ©moigne presqu’autant de sa force que de son opulence !

Nay, I have sometimes gone away many inches fatter, to see them speak big words; while each of the ladies believes herself so much nearer to the gods by how much the longer train she trails after her; while one nobleman edges out another, that he may get the nearer to Jupiter himself; and everyone of them pleases himself the more by how much more massive is the chain he swags on his shoulders, as if he meant to show his strength as well as his wealth.

LVII

LVII

Les princes ne sont pas seuls Ă  mener joyeuse vie ; dans cette voie, les papes, les cardinaux, et les Ă©vĂȘques se montrent leurs dignes Ă©mules, sinon leurs maĂźtres.

Nor are princes by themselves in their manner of life, since popes, cardinals, and bishops have so diligently followed their steps that they’ve almost got the start of them.

Vous voudriez peut-ĂȘtre aussi que tout ce monde-lĂ  ait sans cesse Ă  l’esprit que ses blancs vĂȘtements de lin l’avertissent de mener une vie sans tache ;

For if any of them would consider what their Albe should put them in mind of, to wit a blameless life;

que sa mitre Ă  deux cornes rĂ©unies par un seul nƓud signifie qu’il doit rĂ©unir la science du Nouveau et de l’Ancien Testament ;

what is meant by their forked miters, whose each point is held in by the same knot, we’ll suppose it a perfect knowledge of the Old and New Testaments;

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