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Éloge de la folie / The Praise of Folly — ĐœĐ° Ń„Ń€Đ°ĐœŃ†ŃƒĐ·ŃĐșаĐč і Đ°ĐœĐłĐ»Ń–ĐčсĐșаĐč ĐŒĐŸĐČах. ĐĄŃ‚Đ°Ń€ĐŸĐœĐșа 12

Đ€Ń€Đ°ĐœŃ†ŃƒĐ·ŃĐșа-Đ°ĐœĐłĐ»Ń–ĐčсĐșая ĐșĐœŃ–ĐłĐ°-Đ±Ń–Đ»Ń–ĐœĐłĐČа

Érasme

Éloge de la folie

Desiderius Erasmus Roterodamus

The Praise of Folly

Platon définit la philosophie, la méditation de la mort, car la philosophie comme la mort détache du monde matériel.

and for that cause their master defines philosophy to be a contemplation of death, because it takes off the mind from visible and corporeal objects, than which death does no more.

Tant que l’ñme fait bon usage des organes du corps, l’homme est rĂ©putĂ© prĂšs de tous jouir de son bon sens : mais si, brisant ses fers, elle cherche la libertĂ© et dĂ©serte sa prison, l’homme est fou.

And therefore, as long as the soul uses the organs of the body in that right manner it ought, so long it is said to be in good state and condition; but when, having broken its fetters, it endeavors to get loose and assays, as it were, a flight out of that prison that holds it in, they call it madness;

À cet Ă©gard, le doute mĂȘme n’est plus permis lorsque cette sĂ©paration est le rĂ©sultat d’une maladie ou du dĂ©rangement des organes.

and if this happen through any distemper or indisposition of the organs, then, by the common consent of every man, ’tis downright madness.

Ce sont cependant les fous de cette espĂšce qui prĂ©disent l’avenir, parlent des langues et des littĂ©ratures qu’ils n’ont jamais apprises, et revĂȘtent les caractĂšres de l’inspiration divine.

And yet we see such kind of men foretell things to come, understand tongues and letters they never learned before, and seem, as it were, big with a kind of divinity.

Certes, tout cela n’arrive que parce que l’ñme, affranchie des biens du corps, retrouve ses vertus premiùres.

Nor is it to be doubted but that it proceeds from hence, that the mind, being somewhat at liberty from the infection of the body, begins to put forth itself in its native vigor.

La mĂȘme cause produit des effets identiques chez les mourants : le souffle divin semble inspirer leurs derniĂšres paroles.

And I conceive ’tis from the same cause that the like often happens to sick men a little before their death, that they discourse in strain above mortality as if they were inspired.

L’exaltation de la piĂ©tĂ© agit dans le mĂȘme sens ; ce n’est pas, si vous le voulez, le mĂȘme genre de folie ; mais c’est quelque chose de si voisin, que les trois quarts des hommes ne feront pas la distinction ; surtout quand ils verront cette folie frapper spĂ©cialement quelques pauvres sires qui vivent tout Ă  fait en dehors de la sociĂ©tĂ©.

Again, if this happens upon the score of religion, though perhaps it may not be the same kind of madness, yet ’tis so near it that a great many men would judge it no better, especially when a few inconsiderable people shall differ from the rest of the world in the whole course of their life.

Les uns et les autres rĂ©alisent alors la fiction de l’antre de Platon. Ce philosophe suppose des captifs retenus au fond d’un antre, oĂč il ne se prĂ©sente Ă  leurs yeux que des ombres.

And therefore it fares with them as, according to the fiction of Plato, happens to those that being cooped up in a cave stand gaping with admiration at the shadows of things;

L’un d’eux s’échappe ; Ă  son retour, il leur dit qu’il a vu des choses rĂ©elles, et que pour eux ils ne sont que dupes d’une pure illusion. —

and that fugitive who, having broke from them and returning to them again, told them he had seen things truly as they were, and that they were the most mistaken in believing there was nothing but pitiful shadows.

Le sage a pitiĂ© des fous et dĂ©plore l’erreur qui les fascine ; les fous regardent la sagesse comme du dĂ©lire et l’envoient promener. Des mondains aux dĂ©vots, voici la diffĂ©rence : les premiers, absorbĂ©s dans la matiĂšre, ne voient rien au delĂ  ;

For as this wise man pitied and bewailed their palpable madness that were possessed with so gross an error, so they in return laughed at him as a doting fool and cast him out of their company. In like manner the common sort of men chiefly admire those things that are most corporeal and almost believe there is nothing beyond them.

les seconds, dĂ©tachĂ©s complĂštement de la terre, s’absorbent dans la contemplation des choses spirituelles.

Whereas on the contrary, these devout persons, by how much the nearer anything concerns the body, by so much more they neglect it and are wholly hurried away with the contemplation of things invisible.

Les uns songent avant tout aux richesses et Ă  leur bien-ĂȘtre ; le soin de leur Ăąme ne vient qu’aprĂšs, quand ils y croient, bien entendu, car faute de la voir, la plupart la mettent en doute.

For the one give the first place to riches, the next to their corporeal pleasures, leaving the last place to their soul, which yet most of them do scarce believe, because they can’t see it with their eyes.

Les autres tendent de toutes leurs aspirations vers Dieu, l’ĂȘtre simple par excellence ; et aprĂšs Dieu, pour l’amour de Dieu encore, c’est l’ñme, son reflet, qui concentre toute leur sollicitude ; quant au corps, ils ne s’en retournent pas, et l’argent leur semble chose immonde qu’ils mĂ©prisent.

On the contrary, the others first rely wholly on God, the most unchangeable of all things; and next him, yet on this that comes nearest him, they bestow the second on their soul; and lastly, for their body, they neglect that care and condemn and fly money as superfluity that may be well spared;

S’ils sont forcĂ©s de s’en occuper, ils ont comme s’ils n’avaient pas ; ils possĂšdent comme s’ils ne possĂ©daient pas. —

or if they are forced to meddle with any of these things, they do it carelessly and much against their wills, having as if they had it not, and possessing as if they possessed it not.

MĂȘme diffĂ©rence se retrouve entre eux dans toutes les choses de la vie. Tous nos sens tiennent au corps, quelques-uns de fort prĂšs mĂȘme, tels sont :

There are also in each several things several degrees wherein they disagree among themselves. And first as to the senses, though all of them have more or less affinity with the body, yet of these some are more gross and blockish,

le toucher, l’ouĂŻe, la vue, l’odorat et le goĂ»t.

as tasting, hearing, seeing, smelling, touching;

D’autres, comme la mĂ©moire, l’entendement et la volontĂ©, sont plus indĂ©pendants du physique.

some more removed from the body, as memory, intellect, and the will.

Selon que l’ñme s’attache plus aux uns qu’aux autres, elle est plus prĂ©pondĂ©rante. Les dĂ©vots, qui cultivent de toute la vigueur de leur Ăąme les facultĂ©s les plus subtiles, s’absorbent si bien en elles, qu’ils deviennent Ă©trangers au monde extĂ©rieur ;

And therefore to which of these the mind applies itself, in that lies its force. But holy men, because the whole bent of their minds is taken up with those things that are most repugnant to these grosser senses, they seem brutish and stupid in the common use of them.

les mondains font la contrepartie, et nĂ©gligent d’autant plus celles-lĂ  qu’ils s’attachent plus aux autres. C’est ainsi qu’on raconte de quelques saints personnages qu’ils burent, sans s’en apercevoir, de l’huile pour du vin.

Whereas on the contrary, the ordinary sort of people are best at these, and can do least at the other; from whence it is, as we have heard, that some of these holy men have by mistake drunk oil for wine.

Parmi les affections de l’ñme, il en est qui sont, pour ainsi dire, toutes corporelles, la luxure, la gourmandise, la paresse, la colĂšre, l’orgueil, l’envie. À celles-lĂ , les dĂ©vots font une guerre acharnĂ©e ; le commun des mortels croirait la vie impossible sans elles.

Again, in the affections of the mind, some have a greater commerce with the body than others, as lust, desire of meat and sleep, anger, pride, envy; with which holy men are at irreconcilable enmity, and contrary, the common people think there’s no living without them.

Ensuite, il y a les affections saintes, qui semblent inspirĂ©es par la nature elle-mĂȘme, comme l’amour de la patrie, l’amour paternel, l’amour filial, l’amitiĂ©.

And lastly there are certain middle kind of affections, and as it were natural to every man, as the love of one’s country, children, parents, friends,

Le vulgum pecus y est facilement accessible. Les dĂ©vots au contraire mettent tous leurs soins Ă  les dĂ©raciner de leurs cƓurs ou plutĂŽt Ă  les spiritualiser de telle façon que, par exemple, ils n’aimeront pas leur pĂšre comme pĂšre, car Ă  ce titre ils ne lui doivent que la vie physique, qu’ils ont reçue au moins autant du crĂ©ateur que de lui ; ils l’aimeront parce que c’est un excellent homme, dans lequel ils retrouvent une Ă©tincelle de l’intelligence divine, qui seule est le bien suprĂȘme, hors duquel il n’y a rien Ă  aimer ou Ă  dĂ©sirer.

and to which the common people attribute no small matter; whereas the other strive to pluck them out of their mind: unless insomuch as they arrive to that highest part of the soul, that they love their parents not as parents—for what did they get but the body? though yet we owe it to God, not them—but as good men or women and in whom shines the image of that highest wisdom which alone they call the chiefest good, and out of which, they say, there is nothing to be beloved or desired.

Leur rĂšgle de conduite consiste sinon Ă  mĂ©priser les choses visibles, du moins Ă  ne faire cas que de celles qu’ils ne voient pas.

And by the same rule do they measure all things else, so that they make less account of whatever is visible, unless it be altogether contemptible, than of those things which they cannot see.

Dans les sacrements comme dans les autres devoirs de piĂ©tĂ©, ils distinguent soigneusement ce qui est de l’ñme et ce qui est du corps.

But they say that in Sacraments and other religious duties there is both body and spirit.

S’abstenir de viande et aller coucher sans souper, voilĂ  un jeĂ»ne complet selon le peuple. Le dĂ©vot ne lui accorde aucune valeur, si l’on n’a refrĂ©nĂ© ses passions, rĂ©primĂ© sa colĂšre et son orgueil, si en un mot l’ñme, se dĂ©chargeant en partie du fardeau corporel, ne s’est Ă©lancĂ©e vers le ciel pour en connaĂźtre et en goĂ»ter les dĂ©lices.

As in fasting they count it not enough for a man to abstain from eating, which the common people take for an absolute fast, unless there be also a lessening of his depraved affections: as that he be less angry, less proud, than he was wont, that the spirit, being less clogged with its bodily weight, may be the more intent upon heavenly things.

Ils raisonnent de mĂȘme Ă  l’égard de la messe ; les cĂ©rĂ©monies, selon eux, ne sont pas Ă  dĂ©daigner, mais, en elles-mĂȘmes, elles ne sont qu’inutiles ou nuisibles si l’on ne se pĂ©nĂštre de l’esprit des choses cachĂ©es sous les symboles.

In like manner, in the Eucharist, though, say they, it is not to be esteemed the less that ’tis administered with ceremonies, yet of itself ’tis of little effect, if not hurtful, unless that which is spiritual be added to it, to wit, that which is represented under those visible signs.

Le sacrifice de l’autel est la reprĂ©sentation de la mort de JĂ©sus-Christ, les chrĂ©tiens doivent la reproduire dans leur cƓur, en crucifiant, en ensevelissant, pour ainsi dire, leurs passions, afin de ressusciter Ă  une vie nouvelle et de ne faire qu’un avec le Sauveur, comme l’Eucharistie ne fait qu’un avec lui.

Now the death of Christ is represented by it, which all men, vanquishing, abolishing, and, as it were, burying their carnal affections, ought to express in their lives and conversations that they may grow up to a newness of life and be one with him and the same one among another.

Voilà la conduite, voilà les méditations des dévots.

This a holy man does, and in this is his only meditation.

Pour le vulgaire, prendre part Ă  la messe, c’est ĂȘtre au pied des autels, le plus prĂšs possible de l’officiant, entendre les oremus des prĂȘtres, et rester spectateur de leurs cĂ©rĂ©monies.

Whereas on the contrary, the common people think there’s no more in that sacrifice than to be present at the altar and crowd next it, to have a noise of words and look upon the ceremonies.

Ce n’est pas seulement dans ces circonstances, que nous ne donnons que comme exemples, mais dans sa vie tout entiĂšre, que le dĂ©vot oublie son corps pour s’élever aux choses Ă©ternelles, invisibles et spirituelles. —

Nor in this alone, which we only proposed by way of example, but in all his life, and without hypocrisy, does a holy man fly those things that have any alliance with the body and is wholly ravished with things eternal, invisible, and spiritual.

Que rĂ©sulte-t-il de cette diffĂ©rence d’opinions entre l’homme de la terre et l’homme du ciel ? qu’ils se taxent mutuellement de folie. —

For which cause there’s so great contrarity of opinion between them, and that too in everything, that each party thinks the other out of their wits;

Je dois vous dire cependant que, selon moi, la folie me semble tout entiÚre du cÎté de nos pieux personnages.

though that character, in my judgment, better agrees with those holy men than the common people:

LXVII

LXVII

Et vous en conviendrez certainement si, tenant ma promesse, je vous prouve que ce souverain bien auquel ils aspirent n’est autre qu’un certain Ă©tat de folie.

which yet will be more clear if, as I promised, I briefly show you that that great reward they so much fancy is nothing else but a kind of madness.

Je vais vous dĂ©velopper Ă  peu prĂšs cette idĂ©e de Platon que la folie des amants est la plus douce des fĂ©licitĂ©s. —

And therefore suppose that Plato dreamed of somewhat like it when he called the madness of lovers the most happy condition of all others.

Celui qui aime avec transport ne vit plus pour ainsi dire en soi, il vit dans l’objet de son amour, et plus il se dĂ©tache de lui-mĂȘme pour s’identifier avec cet objet, plus son bonheur est parfait.

For he that’s violently in love lives not in his own body but in the thing he loves; and by how much the farther he runs from himself into another, by so much the greater is his pleasure.

Nous l’avons dit dĂ©jĂ , lorsque l’ñme devient Ă©trangĂšre au corps, c’est un signe de folie,

And then, when the mind strives to rove from its body and does not rightly use its own organs, without doubt you may say ’tis downright madness and not be mistaken,

car que signifieraient sans cela les expressions proverbiales : il est hors de lui,
 revenez à vous,
 il est revenu à lui.

or otherwise what’s the meaning of those common sayings, “He does not dwell at home,” “Come to yourself,” “He’s his own man again”?

Or, s’il est vrai que plus l’amour est parfait, plus grande est la folie et plus complet le bonheur,

Besides, the more perfect and true his love is, the more pleasant is his madness.

vous voyez en quoi consiste cette félicité céleste aprÚs laquelle les dévots soupirent de toute leur ardeur.

And therefore, what is that life hereafter, after which these holy minds so pantingly breathe, like to be?

Chez eux l’esprit tout-puissant et victorieux absorbera le corps ;

To wit, the spirit shall swallow up the body, as conqueror and more durable;

et cela d’autant plus facilement que ce corps aura dĂ©jĂ  Ă©tĂ© prĂ©parĂ© Ă  cette transformation par la pĂ©nitence.

and this it shall do with the greater ease because heretofore, in its lifetime, it had cleansed and thinned it into such another nothing as itself.

L’esprit Ă  son tour sera absorbĂ© par l’ñme suprĂȘme et toute-puissante. De sorte que l’homme tout entier sera hors de lui et qu’il ne sera heureux que parce qu’il trouve un plaisir ineffable Ă  se fondre dans ce souverain bien qui attire Ă  lui toutes choses.

And then the spirit again shall be wonderfully swallowed up by the highest mind, as being more powerful than infinite parts; so that the whole man is to be out of himself nor to be otherwise happy in any respect, but that being stripped of himself, he shall participate of somewhat ineffable from that chiefest good that draws all things into itself.

Cette fĂ©licitĂ©, il est vrai, ne sera parfaite que dĂšs l’instant oĂč l’ñme et le corps rĂ©unis jouiront ensemble de l’immortalitĂ©. Cependant comme l’existence des dĂ©vots, toute consacrĂ©e Ă  la mĂ©ditation de cette vie cĂ©leste, en est une image sur la terre, ils ont comme un avant-goĂ»t, une jouissance anticipĂ©e du bonheur Ă©ternel.

And this happiness though ’tis only then perfected when souls being joined to their former bodies shall be made immortal, yet forasmuch as the life of holy men is nothing but a continued meditation and, as it were, shadow of that life, it so happens that at length they have some taste or relish of it;

Ce n’est lĂ  qu’une goutte en comparaison de la source immense de la fĂ©licitĂ© divine, mais cette goutte, dans sa mĂ©diocritĂ©, vaut mieux que toutes les dĂ©lices humaines ensemble ;

which, though it be but as the smallest drop in comparison of that fountain of eternal happiness, yet it far surpasses all worldly delight, though all the pleasures of all mankind were all joined together.

tant les délices spirituelles surpassent celles des sens ! tant les biens invisibles sont au-dessus des biens du monde !

So much better are things spiritual than things corporeal, and things invisible than things visible;

C’est lĂ  le bonheur qu’annonçait le prophĂšte aux Ă©lus lorsqu’il a dit : « Pas d’Ɠil qui ait jamais vu, pas d’oreille qui ait jamais entendu, pas de cƓur qui ait senti les plaisirs que le Seigneur rĂ©serve Ă  ceux qu’il aime. »

which doubtless is that which the prophet promises: “The eye hath not seen, nor the ear heard, nor has it entered into the heart of man to consider what God has provided for them that love Him.”

La vie des dĂ©vots est donc une espĂšce de folie qui, loin de leur ĂȘtre enlevĂ©e par la mort, arrive par elle Ă  sa perfection.

And this is that Mary’s better part which is not taken away by change of life, but perfected.

Peu de mortels l’ont ici-bas en partage ; il est facile de les connaĂźtre Ă  leur aspect particulier ; leurs discours manquent de suite, leur voix Ă©trange dit des paroles vides de sens, et leur physionomie change Ă  chaque instant ; tour Ă  tour, on les voit joyeux et abattus ;

And therefore they that are sensible of it, and few there are to whom this happens, suffer a kind of somewhat little differing from madness; for they utter many things that do not hang together, and that too not after the manner of men but make a kind of sound which they neither heed themselves, nor is it understood by others, and change the whole figure of their countenance,

ils pleurent, rient, soupirent en un instant ; en un mot, ils sont hors d’eux-mĂȘmes.

one while jocund, another while dejected, now weeping, then laughing, and again sighing.

Revenus Ă  eux, ils ne savent pas d’oĂč ils viennent ; Ă©taient-ils dans leur corps ou l’avaient-ils quittĂ© ? Ont-ils dormi ? ont-ils veillĂ© ? Qu’ont-ils vu ? qu’ont-ils entendu ? qu’ont-ils dit ? qu’ont-ils fait ? ils n’en ont qu’un vague souvenir ; tout ce qu’ils peuvent affirmer, c’est qu’ils Ă©taient parfaitement heureux dans leur dĂ©lire,

And when they come to themselves, tell you they know not where they have been, whether in the body or out of the body, or sleeping; nor do they remember what they have heard, seen, spoken, or done, and only know this, as it were in a mist or dream, that they were the most happy while they were so out of their wits.

qu’ils sont dĂ©solĂ©s d’ĂȘtre rendus Ă  leur bon sens et dĂ©sireraient rester toujours dans une pareille extase. —

And therefore they are sorry they are come to themselves again and desire nothing more than this kind of madness, to be perpetually mad.

Tel est ce léger avant-goût du bonheur éternel.

And this is a small taste of that future happiness.

LXVIII

LXVIII

Mais je passe les bornes et il faut en finir.

But I forget myself and run beyond my bounds.

Si vous trouvez que j’ai dĂ©raisonnĂ© ou trop causĂ©, rappelez-vous que je suis la Folie, et femme qui pis est.

Though yet, if I shall seem to have spoken anything more boldly or impertinently than I ought, be pleased to consider that not only Folly but a woman said it;

Souvenez-vous aussi du proverbe grec : Un fou quelquefois parle avec sens et raison. À moins que vous ne pensiez pas que ce dicton puisse s’appliquer à mon sexe.

remembering in the meantime that Greek proverb, “Sometimes a fool may speak a word in season,”

Vous vous attendez Ă  une conclusion, je le vois bien. Triples fous que vous ĂȘtes ! Croyez-vous donc que je me souviens d’un seul mot du pot-pourri que je viens de vous dĂ©biter ? —

unless perhaps you expect an epilogue, but give me leave to tell you you are mistaken if you think I remember anything of what I have said, having foolishly bolted out such a hodgepodge of words.

Les anciens disaient : « Je hais un convive qui a trop bonne mémoire. »

’Tis an old proverb, “I hate one that remembers what’s done over the cup.” This is a new one of my own making: I hate a man that remembers what he hears.

Et moi, je vous dis : Je hais un auditeur qui se souvient de tout. Adieu donc, applaudissez, vivez en joie, et buvez sec, illustres adeptes de la Folie !

Wherefore farewell, clap your hands, live and drink lustily, my most excellent disciples of Folly.

fin


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