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Éloge de la folie / The Praise of Folly — ĐœĐ° Ń„Ń€Đ°ĐœŃ†ŃƒĐ·ŃĐșаĐč і Đ°ĐœĐłĐ»Ń–ĐčсĐșаĐč ĐŒĐŸĐČах. ĐĄŃ‚Đ°Ń€ĐŸĐœĐșа 11

Đ€Ń€Đ°ĐœŃ†ŃƒĐ·ŃĐșа-Đ°ĐœĐłĐ»Ń–ĐčсĐșая ĐșĐœŃ–ĐłĐ°-Đ±Ń–Đ»Ń–ĐœĐłĐČа

Érasme

Éloge de la folie

Desiderius Erasmus Roterodamus

The Praise of Folly

C’est lui encore qui a Ă©crit : « Qui cherche la science cherche la douleur ; il y a de grandes souffrances dans une grande intelligence. »

To which is pertinent that other, “He that increases knowledge, increases grief; and in much understanding there is much indignation.”

Ce mĂȘme penseur ne s’écarte pas beaucoup, de ses idĂ©es lorsqu’il ajoute, ch. vii : « Le cƓur du sage est hantĂ© par la tristesse, le cƓur du fou par la gaietĂ©. »

And does he not plainly confess as much, Chapter 7, “The heart of the wise is where sadness is, but the heart of fools follows mirth”?

Aussi Salomon ne s’est pas contentĂ© de possĂ©der la sagesse, il a voulu encore me connaĂźtre, moi la Folie.

by which you see, he thought it not enough to have learned wisdom without he had added the knowledge of me also.

Et, si vous ne m’en croyez pas sur parole, Ă©coutez ce qu’il a Ă©crit, ch. i : « J’ai laissĂ© faire mon cƓur afin de connaĂźtre la sagesse et la science, les erreurs et la Folie. »

And if you will not believe me, take his own words, Chapter 1, “I gave my heart to know wisdom and knowledge, madness and folly.”

Et remarquez que s’il fait venir ici la Folie au dernier rang, c’est pour la mieux honorer ;

Where, by the way, ’tis worth your remark that he intended me somewhat extraordinary that he named me last.

il suit en cela les prescriptions de l’EcclĂ©siaste, qui veut que les premiers en dignitĂ© marchent toujours au dernier rang, selon le prĂ©cepte rappelĂ© par l’Évangile.

A preacher wrote it, and this you know is the order among churchmen, that he that is first in dignity comes last in place, as mindful, no doubt, whatever they do in other things, herein at least to observe the evangelical precept.

Maintenant, que la folie soit bien prĂ©fĂ©rable Ă  la sagesse, l’auteur de l’EcclĂ©siaste, quel qu’il soit, dans son chapitre xliv, n’en laisse pas de doute ; mais avant de vous citer le passage, il est nĂ©cessaire que je vous interroge et que vous me rĂ©pondiez clairement, afin de m’aider par des dĂ©ductions Ă  tirer ma consĂ©quence ; c’est la mĂ©thode de Platon quand il met Socrate aux prises avec ses interlocuteurs.

Besides, that folly is more excellent than wisdom the son of Sirach, whoever he was, clearly witnesses, Chapter 44, whose words, so help me, Hercules! I shall not once utter before you meet my induction with a suitable answer, according to the manner of those in Plato that dispute with Socrates.

Dites-moi donc que doit-on tenir sous clef, les objets rares et prĂ©cieux ou les choses communes et sans prix ? —

What things are more proper to be laid up with care, such as are rare and precious, or such as are common and of no account?

Vous ne dites mot,

Why do you give me no answer?

mais le proverbe grec rĂ©pond pour vous : la cruche Ă  la porte. Que personne ne conteste, il y aurait sacrilĂ©ge, c’est Aristote qui l’a dit, le maĂźtre des maĂźtres !

Well, though you should dissemble, the Greek proverb will answer for you, “Foul water is thrown out of doors;” which, if any man shall be so ungracious as to condemn, let him know ’tis Aristotle’s, the god of our masters.

Y a-t-il parmi vous personne d’assez fou pour laisser sur le grand chemin son or et ses bijoux ? Je ne puis le croire.

Is there any of you so very a fool as to leave jewels and gold in the street? In truth, I think not; in the most secret part of your house; nor is that enough;

Vous les renfermez dans le coin le plus cachĂ© de votre coffre-fort ; dans le lieu le plus secret de votre maison. Il n’y a que ce qui est destituĂ© de toute valeur que vous laissiez Ă  la merci des passants.

if there be any drawer in your iron chests more private than other, there you lay them; but dirt you throw out of doors.

Donc ce qui est prĂ©cieux se cache et ce qui est sans valeur s’expose seul aux regards. Il est donc Ă©vident que notre auteur met la sagesse, qu’il veut qu’on montre, au-dessous de la folie, qu’il veut qu’on cache.

And therefore, if you so carefully lay up such things as you value and throw away what’s vile and of no worth, is it not plain that wisdom, which he forbids a man to hide, is of less account than folly, which he commands him to cover?

Ses expressions du reste ne laissent aucun doute Ă  cet Ă©gard : « Qui cache sa folie, dit l’EcclĂ©siaste, vaut mieux que qui cache sa sagesse. »

Take his own words, “Better is the man that hideth his folly than he that hideth his wisdom.”

Il y a plus, l’Écriture accorde au fou la candeur d’ñme qu’elle refuse au sage, puisque celui-ci ne consent pas Ă  avoir d’égaux.

Or what is that, when he attributes an upright mind without craft or malice to a fool, when a wise man the while thinks no man like himself?

C’est du moins en ce sens que j’interprùte ce passage : Le fou, parce qu’il l’est, croit que tous ceux qu’il rencontre sur sa route sont fous comme lui.

For so I understand that in his tenth chapter, “A fool walking by the way, being a fool himself, supposes all men to be fools like him.”

Quelle modestie, de voir des Ă©gaux dans tous les hommes, et de reconnaĂźtre chez eux, malgrĂ© l’amour-propre naturel Ă  chaque individu, le mĂȘme mĂ©rite qu’on a en soi !

And is it not a sign of great integrity to esteem every man as good as himself, and when there is no one that leans not too much to other way, to be so frank yet as to divide his praises with another?

Tout grand roi qu’était Salomon, il n’a pas rougi de dire : « Je suis le plus fou des hommes. »

Nor was this great king ashamed of the name when he says of himself that he is more foolish than any man.

Et saint Paul, l’apĂŽtre des gentils, dans son ÉpĂźtre aux Corinthiens, s’adjuge la mĂȘme qualitĂ© : « Je parle comme un fou, dit-il, et le suis plus qu’un autre. » Il se fait Ă©videmment un point d’honneur de n’avoir pas son Ă©gal en folie !

Nor did Paul, that great doctor of the Gentiles, writing to the Corinthians, unwillingly acknowledge it; “I speak,” says he, “like a fool. I am more.” As if it could be any dishonor to excel in folly.

J’entends d’ici murmurer contre moi un tas d’hellĂ©nistes pĂ©dants qui voudraient Ă©touffer les lumiĂšres Ă©clatantes des thĂ©ologiens sous les obscuritĂ©s de leurs commentaires. Érasme, que je nomme souvent, parce que je l’estime tout particuliĂšrement, me paraĂźt ĂȘtre le lieutenant de la bande, sinon le capitaine. —

But here I meet with a great noise of some that endeavor to peck out the crows’ eyes; that is, to blind the doctors of our times and smoke out their eyes with new annotations; among whom my friend Erasmus, whom for honor’s sake I often mention, deserves if not the first place yet certainly the second.

Extravagante citation, ne manqueront-ils pas de s’écrier, elle est bien digne de la Folie ! L’apĂŽtre n’a jamais pensĂ© un mot de ce que vous rĂȘvez sous son nom.

O most foolish instance, they cry, and well becoming Folly herself! The apostle’s meaning was wide enough from what you dream;

Jamais il n’a entendu dire qu’il se considĂ©rait comme plus fou que les autres. Ils sont ministres du Christ et moi aussi, dit-il d’abord ; puis il ajoute Ă  l’insuffisance de l’expression : « MĂȘme je le suis plus qu’eux, » comme ayant conscience non-seulement d’ĂȘtre Ă©gal, mais mĂȘme supĂ©rieur aux autres apĂŽtres. —

for he spoke it not in this sense, that he would have them believe him a greater fool than the rest, but when he had said, “They are ministers of Christ, the same am I,” and by way of boasting herein had equaled himself with to others, he added this by way of correction or checking himself, “I am more,” as meaning that he was not only equal to the rest of the apostles in the work of the Gospel, but somewhat superior.

Et pour ne pas scandaliser ceux qui trouveraient trop de prĂ©somption dans ses paroles, il s’excuse en prĂ©textant la Folie : « Ce que je dis lĂ  n’est pas sage, » l’apĂŽtre sait que les fous ont le privilĂ©ge de tout dire sans offenser personne.

And therefore, while he would have this received as a truth, lest nevertheless it might not relish their ears as being spoken with too much arrogance, he foreshortened his argument with the vizard of folly, “I speak like a fool,” because he knew it was the prerogative of fools to speak what they like, and that too without offense.

Disputez tant qu’il vous plaira sur ce passage, je vous laisse le champ libre ;

Whatever he thought when he wrote this, I leave it to them to discuss;

pour moi, je m’en tiens Ă  l’interprĂ©tation de nos tant grands, gros et gras thĂ©ologiens, qui jouissent de la faveur publique et avec lesquels la plupart de nos docteurs aiment mieux se tromper que de penser juste avec les savants polyglottes. —

for my own part, I follow those fat, fleshy, and vulgarly approved doctors, with whom, by Jupiter! a great part of the learned had rather err than follow them that understand the tongues, though they are never so much in the right.

Polyglottes, belle affaire, les perroquets peuvent l’ĂȘtre ! — Un de vos illustres thĂ©ologiens, dont je tais le nom Ă  dessein, de peur que quelqu’un de ces mĂ©chants critiques ne veuille lui appliquer le proverbe grec : l’ñne Ă  la lyre, a donnĂ© un commentaire parfaitement magistral et thĂ©ologique du passage en question. D’abord de la phrase : « Ce que je dis n’est pas sage, je le suis plus qu’eux. »

Not any of them make greater account of those smatterers at Greek than if they were daws. Especially when a no small professor, whose name I wittingly conceal lest those choughs should chatter at me that Greek proverb I have so often mentioned, “an ass at a harp,” discoursing magisterially and theologically on this text, “I speak as a fool, I am more,” drew a new thesis;

Il fait chapitre séparé. Puis ce qui exigeait un surcroßt de dialectique, il fait une autre section,

and, which without the height of logic he could never have done, made this new subdivision—

oĂč il commente ainsi les paroles de Paul. Ce que je dis n’est pas sage
 c’est-Ă -dire, si vous me trouvez fou de m’égaler aux faux apĂŽtres, je vous le paraĂźtrai encore davantage en me prĂ©fĂ©rant Ă  eux.

for I’ll give you his own words, not only in form but matter also—“I speak like a fool,” that is, if you look upon me as a fool for comparing myself with those false apostles, I shall seem yet a greater fool by esteeming myself before them;

Et le docteur, sans plus s’inquiĂ©ter de son explication, passe deux lignes plus bas Ă  une autre matiĂšre.

though the same person a little after, as forgetting himself, runs off to another matter.

LXIV

LXIV

Mais pourquoi m’en tenir Ă  une seule autoritĂ© ? N’est-il pas Ă  la connaissance de tout le monde que les thĂ©ologiens ont le droit de distendre le ciel, c’est-Ă -dire les saintes Écritures, comme ils feraient d’une peau Ă©lastique ? Ainsi les textes sacrĂ©s offrent souvent dans les Ă©crits de Paul des contradictions quand on les lit dans le livre citĂ©. Et si l’on en croyait ce JĂ©rĂŽme, qui parlait cinq langues, notre apĂŽtre, prĂȘchant un jour aux AthĂ©niens, dĂ©natura une inscription qu’il avait vue, en passant, sur un autel au milieu de la ville, pour en tirer un argument en faveur de la foi chrĂ©tienne. Il en retrancha ce qui le gĂȘnait, et ne cita que les deux derniers mots, en les altĂ©rant lĂ©gĂšrement toutefois. Il prĂ©tendait avoir lu : « Au Dieu inconnu », tandis que l’inscription ne portait rien moins que : « Aux dieux de l’Asie, de l’Europe et de l’Afrique, aux dieux inconnus et Ă©trangers. » —

But why do I thus staggeringly defend myself with one single instance? As if it were not the common privilege of divines to stretch heaven, that is Holy Writ, like a cheverel; and when there are many things in St. Paul that thwart themselves, which yet in their proper place do well enough if there be any credit to be given to St. Jerome that was master of five tongues. Such was that of his at Athens when having casually espied the inscription of that altar, he wrested it into an argument to prove the Christian faith, and leaving out all the other words because they made against him, took notice only of the two last, viz., “To the unknown God;” and those too not without some alteration, for the whole inscription was thus: “To the Gods of Asia, Europe, and Africa; To the unknown and strange Gods.”

C’est sans doute Ă  son exemple que les initiĂ©s de la thĂ©ologie ont pris l’habitude de dĂ©tacher d’un auteur deux ou trois lambeaux dont ils torturent le sens pour l’accommoder Ă  leurs besoins, et trop souvent l’autoritĂ© citĂ©e n’a rien dit de pareil, ou mĂȘme a dit tout le contraire.

And according to his example do the sons of the prophets, who, forcing out here and there four or five expressions and if need be corrupting the sense, wrest it to their own purpose; though what goes before and follows after make nothing to the matter in hand, nay, be quite against it.

Cette impertinente méthode réussit si bien aux théologiens que les jurisconsultes en ont pris jalousie.

Which yet they do with so happy an impudence that oftentimes the civilians envy them that faculty.

Et il y a de quoi vraiment ! Que ne peut-on hasarder en effet aprĂšs cet illustre, (dont je tais le nom, toujours en souvenir du proverbe grec), qui tire d’un passage de Luc un sens qui s’accorde avec l’esprit de JĂ©sus comme le feu avec l’eau.

For what is it in a manner they may not hope for success in, when this great doctor (I had almost bolted out his name, but that I once again stand in fear of the Greek proverb) has made a construction on an expression of Luke, so agreeable to the mind of Christ as are fire and water to one another.

Dans une de ces circonstances critiques oĂč les bons clients se pressent autour de leurs patrons et unissent leurs bras pour sa dĂ©fense, le Christ voulut Ă©lever l’ñme de ses disciples au-dessus de la confiance qu’ils avaient dans les secours humains. Il leur demanda si quelque chose leur avait fait dĂ©faut depuis qu’il les avait envoyĂ©s annoncer l’Évangile, sans aucun viatique, sans chaussures pour garantir leurs pieds des pierres et des ronces, et sans provisions contre la faim.

For when the last point of danger was at hand, at which time retainers and dependents are wont in a more special manner to attend their protectors, to examine what strength they have, and prepare for the encounter, Christ, intending to take out of his disciples’ minds all trust and confidence in such like defense, demands of them whether they wanted anything when he sent them forth so unprovided for a journey that they had neither shoes to defend their feet from the injuries of stones and briars nor the provision of a scrip to preserve them from hunger.

Sur leur rĂ©ponse nĂ©gative, il leur dit : « Maintenant, que celui qui a un sac ou une bourse la laisse lĂ , et, faute de mieux, qu’il vende sa tunique pour acheter une Ă©pĂ©e. » —

And when they had denied that they wanted anything, he adds, “But now, he that hath a bag, let him take it, and likewise a scrip; and he that hath none, let him sell his coat and buy a sword.”

Comme toute sa doctrine est fondĂ©e sur la douceur, la tolĂ©rance et le mĂ©pris de la vie, il est facile de comprendre ce que JĂ©sus a voulu dire dans ce passage. —

And now when the sum of all that Christ taught pressed only meekness, suffering, and contempt of life, who does not clearly perceive what he means in this place?

Il apprend Ă  ses disciples Ă  se dĂ©pouiller non-seulement de la besace et de la bourse, mais mĂȘme de leurs vĂȘtements, pour entrer nus et libres de tous biens dans leur charge apostolique et armĂ©s seulement du glaive. Mais par glaive il entend non point l’arme des brigands et des parricides, mais ce glaive spirituel qui fouille si profondĂ©ment les cƓurs, qu’il coupe Ă  sa racine toute passion, pour n’y laisser fleurir que la piĂ©tĂ©.

to wit, that he might the more disarm his ministers, that neglecting not only shoes and scrip but throwing away their very coat, they might, being in a manner naked, the more readily and with less hindrance take in hand the work of the Gospel, and provide themselves of nothing but a sword, not such as thieves and murderers go up and down with, but the sword of the spirit that pierces the most inward parts, and so cuts off as it were at one blow all earthly affections, that they mind nothing but their duty to God.

Voyez maintenant de quelle façon l’illustre thĂ©ologien dont nous parlons torture ce texte. Dans le glaive, il voit le droit de se dĂ©fendre contre les persĂ©cutions ; dans la besace, une bonne provision de vivres. De sorte qu’il admet que le Christ, changeant tout Ă  coup d’opinion Ă  l’aspect de l’équipage peu royal de ses ambassadeurs, se prit Ă  chanter la palinodie de ce qu’il avait jusque-lĂ  enseignĂ©.

But see, I pray, whither this famous theologian wrests it. By the sword he interprets defense against persecution, and by the bag sufficient provision to carry it on. As if Christ having altered his mind, in that he sent out his disciples not so royally attended as he should have done, repented himself of his former instructions:

Il admet que le Christ a oubliĂ© qu’il avait dit auparavant Ă  ses apĂŽtres : « Votre bĂ©atitude sera le prix des affronts, des outrages et des supplices ; mon royaume sera le partage des hommes doux et non des superbes. » Mais alors il doit forcĂ©ment admettre encore que le Christ a oubliĂ© qu’il avait citĂ© Ă  ses disciples l’exemple du lis et des oiseaux, pour leur apprendre Ă  compter sur la Providence, et qu’il s’est formellement contredit en leur recommandant de s’armer pour le dĂ©part, et de s’en aller plutĂŽt sans vĂȘtements que sans Ă©pĂ©e.

or as forgetting that he had said, “Blessed are ye when ye are evil spoken of, despised, and persecuted, etc.,” and forbade them to resist evil; for that the meek in spirit, not the proud, are blessed: or, lest remembering, I say, that he had compared them to sparrows and lilies, thereby minding them what small care they should take for the things of this life, was so far now from having them go forth without a sword that he commanded them to get one, though with the sale of their coat, and had rather they should go naked than want a brawling-iron by their sides.

Selon notre docteur, le glaive signifie toute arme défensive, et la bourse tout ce qui est nécessaire aux besoins de la vie.

And to this, as under the word “sword” he conceives to be comprehended whatever appertains to the repelling of injuries, so under that of “scrip” he takes in whatever is necessary to the support of life.

Ainsi, ce commentateur, visiblement inspirĂ© de l’esprit divin, n’envoie prĂȘcher le Dieu crucifiĂ©, par les apĂŽtres, qu’aprĂšs les avoir prĂ©alablement munis de lances, de balistes et de bombardes !

And so does this deep interpreter of the divine meaning bring forth the apostles to preach the doctrine of a crucified Christ, but furnished at all points with lances, slings, quarterstaffs, and bombards;

Il les charge encore de bagages, de malles et de provisions, afin qu’ils ne quittent pas l’hĂŽtellerie sans avoir bien dĂźnĂ© ! —

lading them also with bag and baggage, lest perhaps it might not be lawful for them to leave their inn unless they were empty and fasting.

Eh, bonhomme ! tu ne songes donc pas que cette Ă©pĂ©e que tu fais acheter Ă  tout prix aux apĂŽtres, JĂ©sus en a blĂąmĂ© l’usage et a prescrit de la remettre au fourreau ? Tu ignores donc que jamais apĂŽtre n’a employĂ© l’épĂ©e ni le bouclier pour rĂ©sister aux paĂŻens, ce qui serait sĂ»rement arrivĂ© si le maĂźtre avait eu les intentions que lui donne ton commentaire ! »

Nor does he take the least notice of this, that he so willed the sword to be bought, reprehends it a little after and commands it to be sheathed; and that it was never heard that the apostles ever used or swords or bucklers against the Gentiles, though ’tis likely they had done it, if Christ had ever intended, as this doctor interprets.

Un autre docteur, dont je tairai aussi le nom par respect, dans la phrase d’Habacuc : « Les tentes de peau des Madianites seront en confusion, » a dĂ©couvert qu’il s’agissait tout juste de la peau de saint BarthĂ©lemy, qui, comme chacun sait, fut Ă©corchĂ© vif.

There is another, too, whose name out of respect I pass by, a man of no small repute, who from those tents which Habakkuk mentions, “The tents of the land of Midian shall tremble,” drew this exposition, that it was prophesied of the skin of Saint Bartholomew who was flayed alive. And why, forsooth, but because those tents were covered with skins?

DerniĂšrement, j’honorais de ma prĂ©sence une thĂšse de thĂ©ologie ; cela m’arrive fort souvent.

I was lately myself at a theological dispute, for I am often there,

Quelqu’un demanda quel Ă©tait le texte de l’Écriture qui ordonnait de brĂ»ler les hĂ©rĂ©tiques au lieu de les convertir par la persuasion. Un vieillard, dont l’air farouche suffisait pour dĂ©noncer un thĂ©ologien, rĂ©pondit avec vĂ©hĂ©mence que le prĂ©cepte se trouvait dans Paul, Ă  l’endroit oĂč il dit : « HĂŠreticum hominem post unam et alteram correptionem devita. »

where when one was demanding what authority there was in Holy Writ that commands heretics to be convinced by fire rather than reclaimed by argument; a crabbed old fellow, and one whose supercilious gravity spoke him at least a doctor, answered in a great fume that Saint Paul had decreed it, who said, “Reject him that is a heretic, after once or twice admonition.”

(Évitez l’hĂ©rĂ©tique aprĂšs l’avoir repris une ou deux fois.) » Il rĂ©pĂ©ta cette phrase coup sur coup du mĂȘme ton furieux, Ă  ce point que l’assemblĂ©e se demandait s’il ne perdait pas la tĂȘte ; lorsqu’il donna son explication « HĂŠreticum de vita, dit-il. (Il faut retrancher l’hĂ©rĂ©tique de la vie !)

And when he had sundry times, one after another, thundered out the same thing, and most men wondered what ailed the man, at last he explained it thus, making two words of one. “A heretic must be put to death.”

Quelques-uns Ă©clatĂšrent de rire, d’autres trouvĂšrent l’argument de tout point thĂ©ologique ; certains enfin ne se rendirent pas Ă  cette preuve, qui leur parut insuffisante. « Écoutez donc alors, s’écria l’orateur, il est Ă©crit : « Maleficum ne patiaris vivere. » (Ne laissez pas vivre le malfaisant.) Or, tout hĂ©rĂ©tique est malfaisant, « ergo
 »

Some laughed, and yet there wanted not others to whom this exposition seemed plainly theological; which, when some, though those very few, opposed, they cut off the dispute, as we say, with a hatchet, and the credit of so uncontrollable an author. “Pray conceive me,” said he, “it is written, ‘Thou shalt not suffer a witch to live.’ But every heretic bewitches the people; therefore, etc.”

Tout l’auditoire tomba Ă©bahi devant ce trait de gĂ©nie, et approuva sans restriction cet argument lumineux.

And now, as many as were present admired the man’s wit, and consequently submitted to his decision of the question.

Mais il ne vint Ă  l’esprit d’aucun de ces rustres que cette loi avait Ă©tĂ© faite pour les sorciers, les enchanteurs et les devins, tous gens que l’hĂ©breu dĂ©signe par le mĂȘme mot qui veut dire malfaisant. Sans quoi, pour ĂȘtre consĂ©quent, il faudrait aussi brĂ»ler les ivrognes et les fornicateurs.

Nor came it into any of their heads that that law concerned only fortunetellers, enchanters, and magicians, whom the Hebrews call in their tongue “Mecaschephim,” witches or sorcerers: for otherwise, perhaps, by the same reason it might as well have extended to fornication and drunkenness.

LXV

LXV

Mais vraiment je suis folle de m’arrĂȘter Ă  ces sottises, qui rempliraient plus de volumes que n’en ont jamais barbouillĂ© les Chrysippe et les Didyme.

But I foolishly run on in these matters, though yet there are so many of them that neither Chrysippus’ nor Didymus’ volumes are large enough to contain them.

Je voulais seulement vous dire que, puisque les maĂźtres en thĂ©ologie prenaient de telles licences, il m’était bien permis, Ă  moi thĂ©ologien de hasard, de manquer quelque peu Ă  l’exactitude de mes citations. —

I would only desire you to consider this, that if so great doctors may be allowed this liberty, you may the more reasonably pardon even me also, a raw, effeminate divine, if I quote not everything so exactly as I should.

J’en reviens donc Ă  Paul, bien qu’aprĂšs quelques dĂ©tours. — « Vous accueillez volontiers les fous, » dit-il en parlant de lui-mĂȘme. Il ajoute ensuite : « Recevez-moi Ă  ce titre. » « Je ne parle pas selon Dieu, continue-t-il, mais selon la folie. »

And so at last I return to Paul. “Ye willingly,” says he, “suffer my foolishness,” and again, “Take me as a fool,” and further, “I speak it not after the Lord, but as it were foolishly,”

Et plus bas : « Nous autres nous sommes fous à cause du Christ. »

and in another place, “We are fools for Christ’s sake.”

Quelles louanges pour moi, et de quelle bouche elles sortent !

You have heard from how great an author how great praises of folly;

Mais il y a plus, l’ApĂŽtre recommande la folie en termes explicites comme le meilleur chemin pour faire son salut : « Que celui d’entre vous, dit-il, qui se croit sage embrasse la folie, pour trouver la vraie sagesse. » —

and to what other end, but that without doubt he looked upon it as that one thing both necessary and profitable. “If anyone among ye,” says he, “seem to be wise, let him be a fool that he may be wise.”

Est-ce que, dans Luc, JĂ©sus n’appelle pas fous les deux disciples qu’il rencontre sur le chemin d’EmmaĂŒs ? —

And in Luke, Jesus called those two disciples with whom he joined himself upon the way, “fools.”

Ce qui paraĂźtra plus Ă©tonnant peut-ĂȘtre, c’est que Paul place la Folie parmi les attributs de Dieu mĂȘme, car il a Ă©crit : « Il y a plus de sagesse dans la folie de Dieu que dans toute la sapience humaine. »

Nor can I give you any reason why it should seem so strange when Saint Paul imputes a kind of folly even to God himself. “The foolishness of God,” says he, “is wiser than men.”

Il est vrai qu’OrigĂšne dans son commentaire prĂ©tend qu’il ne faut pas donner Ă  cette folie le sens ordinaire du mot, non plus que dans cette autre phrase : « Le mystĂšre de la croix est une folie pour ceux qui pĂ©rissent. »

Though yet I must confess that origin upon the place denies that this foolishness may be resembled to the uncertain judgment of men; of which kind is, that “the preaching of the cross is to them that perish foolishness.”

Mais à quoi bon tant de témoignages ? Dans les psaumes, le Christ ne dit-il pas à son pÚre : « Tu connais ma folie ! »

But why am I so careful to no purpose that I thus run on to prove my matter by so many testimonies? when in those mystical Psalms Christ speaking to the Father says openly, “Thou knowest my foolishness.”

Il y a donc tout lieu de croire que Dieu a d’excellentes raisons pour aimer les fous ; ce sont les mĂȘmes sans doute qui rendent suspects aux princes de la terre les gens trop sensĂ©s. CĂ©sar, qui mĂ©prisait cet ivrogne, d’Antoine, redoutait au contraire Brutus et Cassius. SĂ©nĂšque dĂ©plaisait Ă  NĂ©ron et Platon Ă  Denys de Syracuse. Les esprits simples et un tantinet idiots sont honorĂ©s de la faveur des grands.

Nor is it without ground that fools are so acceptable to God. The reason perhaps may be this, that as princes carry a suspicious eye upon those that are over-wise, and consequently hate them—as Caesar did Brutus and Cassius, when he feared not in the least drunken Antony; so Nero, Seneca; and Dionysius, Plato—and on the contrary are delighted in those blunter and unlabored wits,

C’est ainsi que le Christ montre son aversion pour ces philosophes qui ont foi en leur sagesse et qu’il les condamne.

in like manner Christ ever abhors and condemns those wise men and such as put confidence in their own wisdom.

J’en prends encore ici Paul Ă  tĂ©moin, lorsqu’il Ă©crit : « Dieu a choisi ce qu’il y a de plus fou aux yeux du monde
 » et plus loin : «  Dieu a voulu que le monde fĂ»t sauvĂ© par la Folie. » AssurĂ©ment c’est qu’il ne pouvait le faire par la sagesse.

And this Paul makes clearly out when he said, “God hath chosen the foolish things of this world,” as well knowing it had been impossible to have reformed it by wisdom.

Ce qu’il met dans la bouche de son prophĂšte ne laisse aucun doute Ă  cet Ă©gard : Je perdrai la sagesse des sages et je rĂ©prouverai la prudence des prudents. »

Which also he sufficiently declares himself, crying out by the mouth of his prophet, “I will destroy the wisdom of the wise, and cast away the understanding of the prudent.”

Le Sauveur ne se fĂ©licite-t-il pas en dĂ©finitive d’avoir cachĂ© le mystĂšre du salut aux sages pour ne le rĂ©vĂ©ler qu’aux simples, c’est-Ă -dire aux fous, car enfin un mĂȘme mot exprime les deux choses.

And again, when Christ gives Him thanks that He had concealed the mystery of salvation from the wise, but revealed it to babes and sucklings, that is to say, fools. For the Greek word for babes is fools, which he opposes to the word wise men.

C’est de la mĂȘme idĂ©e qu’il faut faire procĂ©der l’indignation qu’il dĂ©ploie Ă  chaque instant contre les pharisiens, les scribes et les docteurs de la loi, et la douceur qu’il montre au contraire au peuple ignorant :

To this appertains that throughout the Gospel you find him ever accusing the Scribes and Pharisees and doctors of the law, but diligently defending the ignorant multitude

« Malheur Ă  vous, scribes et pharisiens ! » — n’est-ce pas comme s’il avait dit : Malheur aux sages !

(for what other is that “Woe to ye Scribes and Pharisees” than woe to you, you wise men?),

Les petits enfants, les femmes, les pĂ©cheurs, voilĂ  ceux qu’il accueillait avec amour !

but seems chiefly delighted in little children, women, and fishers.

Les animaux qui lui plaisent le mieux sont ceux qui s’éloignent le plus du naturel astucieux du renard. Il prit un Ăąne pour monture, lui qui pouvait sans danger se confier aux lions fĂ©roces.

Besides, among brute beasts he is best pleased with those that have least in them of the foxes’ subtlety. And therefore he chose rather to ride upon an ass when, if he had pleased, he might have bestrode the lion without danger.

Le Saint-Esprit ne descendit point sous la forme d’un aigle ou d’un Ă©pervier, mais bien sous celle d’une colombe.

And the Holy Ghost came down in the shape of a dove, not of an eagle or kite.

À chaque page des livres saints, il est question de la biche, du faon ou de l’agneau.

Add to this that in Scripture there is frequent mention of harts, hinds, and lambs;

N’oubliez pas que JĂ©sus appelle ses Ă©lus ses brebis, et que de tous les animaux c’est sans contredit l’espĂšce la plus sotte. CaractĂšre de brebis, dit Aristote, Ă  cause de la stupiditĂ© inhĂ©rente Ă  ces animaux, est devenu une injure grave.

and such as are destined to eternal life are called sheep, than which creature there is not anything more foolish, if we may believe that proverb of Aristotle “sheepish manners,” which he tells us is taken from the foolishness of that creature and is used to be applied to dull-headed people and lack-wits.

Tel est pourtant le troupeau dont JĂ©sus se dĂ©clare le pasteur. À lui-mĂȘme le nom d’agneau lui plaĂźt plus que tout autre. « Voici l’agneau de Dieu, disait Jean en l’annonçant au peuple, et le mot se rĂ©pĂšte souvent dans l’Apocalypse. —

And yet Christ professes to be the shepherd of this flock and is himself delighted with the name of a lamb; according to Saint John, “Behold the Lamb of God!” Of which also there is much mention in the Revelation.

Tout cela signifie que les hommes sont fous, sans en excepter les plus saints,

And what does all this drive at, but that all mankind are fools—nay, even the very best?

et que JĂ©sus lui-mĂȘme a droit Ă  ce nom, puisque la sagesse de Dieu Ă©tait en lui, et qu’en se faisant homme il endossa la folie inhĂ©rente Ă  notre nature, comme il s’est chargĂ© du pĂ©chĂ© pour y porter remĂšde.

And Christ himself, that he might the better relieve this folly, being the wisdom of the Father, yet in some manner became a fool when taking upon him the nature of man, he was found in shape as a man;

Ce remĂšde, oĂč le trouve-t-il ? Dans la folie de la croix ; dans les apĂŽtres, gens Ă©pais et simples, Ă  qui il recommande avec soin de fuir la sagesse et de rechercher la folie, lorsqu’il leur donne en exemple les enfants, les lis, le sĂ©nevĂ©, les petits oiseaux, toutes espĂšces d’ĂȘtres qui vĂ©gĂštent sans Ăąme, au grĂ© de la nature, privĂ©es de prĂ©voyance, d’intelligence, de soucis


as in like manner he was made sin that he might heal sinners. Nor did he work this cure any other way than by the foolishness of the cross and a company of fat apostles, not much better, to whom also he carefully recommended folly but gave them a caution against wisdom and drew them together by the example of little children, lilies, mustard-seed, and sparrows, things senseless and inconsiderable, living only by the dictates of nature and without either craft or care.

C’est encore la mĂȘme pensĂ©e qui le guide lorsqu’il leur recommande de ne pas s’inquiĂ©ter comment ils pourront rĂ©pondre Ă  l’interrogation des magistrats, d’abdiquer toute prĂ©voyance de l’avenir, et de n’avoir aucune foi en leur propre sagesse pour se reposer de tout sur lui.

Besides, when he forbade them to be troubled about what they should say before governors and straightly charged them not to inquire after times and seasons, to wit, that they might not trust to their own wisdom but wholly depend on him.

Le crĂ©ateur avait aussi les mĂȘmes motifs lorsqu’il dĂ©fendit Ă  nos premiers parents de toucher Ă  l’arbre de la science, prouvant par lĂ  que la science devait empoisonner Ă  jamais le bonheur.

And to the same purpose is it that that great Architect of the World, God, gave man an injunction against his eating of the Tree of Knowledge, as if knowledge were the bane of happiness;

Paul n’hĂ©site pas Ă  la rĂ©prouver comme une source d’orgueil et de misĂšres ;

according to which also, St. Paul disallows it as puffing up and destructive;

et sans doute c’est d’aprĂšs les mĂȘmes idĂ©es que saint Bernard appelle montagne de science celle que Satan a choisie pour sa demeure.

whence also St. Bernard seems in my opinion to follow when he interprets that mountain whereon Lucifer had fixed his habitation to be the mountain of knowledge.

Mais voici un argument qui n’est pas Ă  dĂ©daigner. Il faut Ă©videmment que la Folie jouisse d’une grande faveur prĂšs des immortels, puisqu’on lui remet tous les jours des fautes pour lesquelles la sagesse ne trouve pas grĂące. Un sage a-t-il fait quelque sottise, vite, il allĂšgue la Folie pour obtenir pardon, et se rĂ©fugie sous ma protection.

Nor perhaps ought I to omit this other argument, that Folly is so gracious above that her errors are only pardoned, those of wise men never. Whence it is that they that ask forgiveness, though they offend never so wittingly, cloak it yet with the excuse of folly.

C’est ainsi qu’Aaron, si j’ai bonne mĂ©moire, dans le livre des Nombres, implore la grĂące de sa femme en disant : « Daignez, Seigneur, ne pas nous imputer une faute que nous n’avons commise que par folie ; »

So Aaron, in Numbers, if I mistake not the book, when he sues unto Moses concerning his sister’s leprosy, “I beseech thee, my Lord, not to lay this sin upon us, which we have foolishly committed.”

et SaĂŒl ne trouve pas de meilleure excuse prĂšs de David que d’allĂ©guer : « Il est facile de voir que j’ai agi comme un fou. »

So Saul makes his excuse of David, “For behold,” says he, “I did it foolishly.”

Et David Ă  son tour : « Je vous en conjure, Seigneur, ne tenez pas compte de cette iniquitĂ©, c’est la folie qui m’inspirait. » Vous le voyez, tous prĂ©textent de folie et d’ignorance pour obtenir pardon.

And again, David himself thus sweetens God, “And therefore I beseech thee, O Lord, to take away the trespass of thy servant, for I have done foolishly,” as if he knew there was no pardon to be obtained unless he had colored his offense with folly and ignorance.

Un autre argument d’un poids immense, ce sont les paroles de JĂ©sus-Christ priant sur la croix pour ses ennemis. Il ne trouve rien de mieux pour les excuser que d’attribuer leur crime Ă  leur sottise : « Mon pĂšre, dit-il, pardonnez-leur, car ils ne savent ce qu’ils font. »

And stronger is that of Christ upon the cross when he prayed for his enemies, “Father, forgive them,” nor does he cover their crime with any other excuse than that of unwittingness—because, says he, “they know not what they do.”

Paul Ă©crivait dans le mĂȘme sens Ă  TimothĂ©e : « J’ai obtenu misĂ©ricorde devant Dieu, parce que mon incrĂ©dulitĂ© Ă©tait l’effet de mon ignorance. »

In like manner Paul, writing to Timothy, “But therefore I obtained mercy, for that I did it ignorantly through unbelief.”

De son ignorance, c’est-Ă -dire de sa folie et non de sa mĂ©chancetĂ©, et c’est bien Ă  la Folie qu’il rapporte la misĂ©ricorde qu’il obtient.

And what is the meaning of “I did it ignorantly” but that I did it out of folly, not malice? And what of “Therefore I received mercy” but that I had not obtained it had I not been made more allowable through the covert of folly?

Un passage du Psalmiste, qui m’a Ă©chappĂ© en son lieu et place, milite encore en ma faveur : « Ne vous souvenez pas des fautes de ma jeunesse, Seigneur, oubliez mes ignorances. »

For us also makes that mystical Psalmist, though I remembered it not in its right place, “Remember not the sins of my youth nor my ignorances.”

Il met, vous le voyez, deux choses en avant, d’abord sa jeunesse, cet Ăąge dont je suis la compagne fidĂšle, et ensuite ses ignorances, termes Ă©nergiques qui englobent toutes espĂšces de folie.

You see what two things he pretends, to wit, youth, whose companion I ever am, and ignorances, and that in the plural number, a number of multitude, whereby we are to understand that there was no small company of them. But not to run too far in that which is infinite.

LXVI

LXVI

Pour ne pas nous perdre dans les nuages, disons en bloc que le christianisme semble avoir une espĂšce d’affinitĂ© avec la folie, et rĂ©pugner Ă  la sagesse. Vous en faut-il des preuves ?

To speak briefly, all Christian religion seems to have a kind of alliance with folly and in no respect to have any accord with wisdom.

Voyez les enfants, les vieillards, les femmes et les imbĂ©ciles, personne ne goĂ»te mieux qu’eux les choses religieuses ; l’impulsion seule de leur nature les amĂšne au pied des autels.

Of which if you expect proofs, consider first that boys, old men, women, and fools are more delighted with religious and sacred things than others, and to that purpose are ever next the altars; and this they do by mere impulse of nature.

Les fondateurs de l’Église ne furent-ils pas des gens d’une extrĂȘme simplicitĂ©, ennemis dĂ©clarĂ©s de la science ?

And in the next place, you see that those first founders of it were plain, simple persons and most bitter enemies of learning.

De fous, il n’en est certainement pas de plus complets sur la terre que les chrĂ©tiens absorbĂ©s dans leur priĂšre. On les voit nĂ©gliger leur patrimoine, oublier les injures, se laisser tromper sans se plaindre, ne pas distinguer amis et ennemis, abhorrer le plaisir, se soĂ»ler d’abstinences, de veilles, de larmes, de privations et dĂ©sirer la mort. On dirait en un mot qu’ils sont Ă©trangers au sens commun, comme si leur Ăąme existait hors de leur corps !

Lastly there are no sort of fools seem more out of the way than are these whom the zeal of Christian religion has once swallowed up; so that they waste their estates, neglect injuries, suffer themselves to be cheated, put no difference between friends and enemies, abhor pleasure, are crammed with poverty, watchings, tears, labors, reproaches, loathe life, and wish death above all things; in short, they seem senseless to common understanding, as if their minds lived elsewhere and not in their own bodies;

N’est-ce pas là de la folie ?

which, what else is it than to be mad?

Il n’y a donc pas lieu de s’étonner qu’on prit un jour ses apĂŽtres pour des hommes ivres et que le juge Festus estime que Paul battait la campagne.

For which reason you must not think it so strange if the apostles seemed to be drunk with new wine, and if Paul appeared to Festus to be mad.

— Puisque j’ai endossĂ© mon harnais de guerre, je veux aller jusqu’au bout et vous dĂ©montrer que cette fĂ©licitĂ© que les chrĂ©tiens veulent conquĂ©rir au prix de tant de sacrifices n’est au fond qu’un autre genre d’extravagance. Vous excuserez les mots en faveur de le chose !

But now, having once gotten on the lion’s skin, go to, and I’ll show you that this happiness of Christians, which they pursue with so much toil, is nothing else but a kind of madness and folly; far be it that my words should give any offense, rather consider my matter.

Les chrĂ©tiens et les platoniciens sont d’accord pour reconnaĂźtre que l’ñme, dans les liens du corps, est enveloppĂ©e d’une obscuritĂ© qui ne lui permet ni de voir ni de possĂ©der la vĂ©ritĂ©.

And first, the Christians and Platonists do as good as agree in this, that the soul is plunged and fettered in the prison of the body, by the grossness of which it is so tied up and hindered that it cannot take a view of or enjoy things as they truly are;

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