ĐĐœĐłĐ»ŃĐčŃĐșа-ŃŃĐ°ĐœŃŃĐ·ŃĐșĐ°Ń ĐșĐœŃга-бŃĐ»ŃĐœĐłĐČа
But the chief ground of my satisfaction with this Method, was the assurance I had of thereby exercising my reason in all matters, if not with absolute perfection, at least with the greatest attainable by me: besides, I was conscious that by its use my mind was becoming gradually habituated to clearer and more distinct conceptions of its objects; and I hoped also, from not having restricted this Method to any particular matter, to apply it to the difficulties of the other Sciences, with not less success than to those of Algebra.
Mais ce qui me contentoit le plus de cette mĂ©thode Ă©toit que par elle jâĂ©tois assurĂ© dâuser en tout de ma raison, sinon parfaitement, au moins le mieux qui fĂ»t en mon pouvoir : outre que je sentois, en la pratiquant, que mon esprit sâaccoutumoit peu Ă peu Ă concevoir plus nettement et plus distinctement ses objets ; et que, ne lâayant point assujettie Ă aucune matiĂšre particuliĂšre, je me promettois de lâappliquer aussi utilement aux difficultĂ©s des autres sciences que jâavois fait Ă celles de lâalgĂšbre.
I should not, however, on this account have ventured at once on the examination of all the difficulties of the Sciences which presented themselves to me, for this would have been contrary to the order prescribed in the Method, but observing that the knowledge of such is dependent on principles borrowed from Philosophy, in which I found nothing certain, I thought it necessary first of all to endeavour to establish its principles.
Non que pour cela jâosasse entreprendre dâabord dâexaminer toutes celles qui se prĂ©senteroient, car cela mĂȘme eĂ»t Ă©tĂ© contraire Ă lâordre quâelle prescrit : mais, ayant pris garde que leurs principes devoient tous ĂȘtre empruntĂ©s de la philosophie, en laquelle je nâen trouvois point encore de certains, je pensai quâil falloit avant tout que je tĂąchasse dây en Ă©tablir ;
And because I observed, besides, that an inquiry of this kind was of all others of the greatest moment, and one in which precipitancy and anticipation in judgment were most to be dreaded, I thought that I ought not to approach it till I had reached a more mature age, (being at that time but twenty-three,) and had first of all employed much of my time in preparation for the work, as well by eradicating from my mind all the erroneous opinions I had up to that moment accepted, as by amassing variety of experience to afford materials for my reasonings, and by continually exercising myself in my chosen Method with a view to increased skill in its application.
et que, cela Ă©tant la chose du monde la plus importante, et oĂč la prĂ©cipitation et la prĂ©vention Ă©toient le plus Ă craindre, je ne devois point entreprendre dâen venir Ă bout que je nâeusse atteint un Ăąge bien plus mĂ»r que celui de vingt-trois ans que jâavois alors, et que je nâeusse auparavant employĂ© beaucoup de temps Ă mây prĂ©parer, tant en dĂ©racinant de mon esprit toutes les mauvaises opinions que jây avois reçues avant ce temps-lĂ , quâen faisant amas de plusieurs expĂ©riences, pour ĂȘtre aprĂšs la matiĂšre de mes raisonnements, et en mâexerçant toujours en la mĂ©thode que je mâĂ©tois prescrite, afin de mây affermir de plus en plus.
Part III
TroisiĂšme partie
And, finally, as it is not enough, before commencing to rebuild the house in which we live, that it be pulled down, and materials and builders provided, or that we engage in the work ourselves, according to a plan which we have beforehand carefully drawn out, but as it is likewise necessary that we be furnished with some other house in which we may live commodiously during the operations,
Et enfin, comme ce nâest pas assez, avant de commencer Ă rebĂątir le logis oĂč on demeure, que de lâabattre, et de faire provision de matĂ©riaux et dâarchitectes, ou sâexercer soi-mĂȘme Ă lâarchitecture, et outre cela dâen avoir soigneusement tracĂ© de dessin, mais quâil faut aussi sâĂȘtre pourvu de quelque autre oĂč on puisse ĂȘtre logĂ© commodĂ©ment pendant le temps quâon y travaillera ;
so that I might not remain irresolute in my actions, while my Reason compelled me to suspend my judgment, and that I might not be prevented from living thenceforward in the greatest possible felicity, I formed a provisory code of Morals, composed of three or four maxims, with which I am desirous to make you acquainted.
ainsi, afin que je ne demeurasse point irrĂ©solu en mes actions, pendant que la raison mâobligeroit de lâĂȘtre en mes jugements, et que je ne laissasse pas de vivre dĂšs lors le plus heureusement que je pourrois, je me formai une morale par provision, qui ne consistoit quâen trois ou quatre maximes dont je veux bien vous faire part.
The first was to obey the laws and customs of my country, adhering firmly to the Faith in which, by the grace of God, I had been educated from my childhood, and regulating my conduct in every other matter according to the most moderate opinions, and the farthest removed from extremes, which should happen to be adopted in practice with general consent of the most judicious of those among whom I might be living.
La premiĂšre Ă©toit dâobĂ©ir aux lois et aux coutumes de mon pays, retenant constamment la religion en laquelle Dieu mâa fait la grĂące dâĂȘtre instruit dĂšs mon enfance, et me gouvernant en toute autre chose suivant les opinions les plus modĂ©rĂ©es et les plus Ă©loignĂ©es de lâexcĂšs qui fussent communĂ©ment reçues en pratique par les mieux sensĂ©s de ceux avec lesquels jâaurois Ă vivre.
For, as I had from that time begun to hold my own opinions for nought because I wished to subject them all to examination, I was convinced that I could not do better than follow in the meantime the opinions of the most judicious;
Car, commençant dĂšs lors Ă ne compter pour rien les miennes propres, Ă cause que je les voulois remettre toutes Ă lâexamen, jâĂ©tois assurĂ© de ne pouvoir mieux que de suivre celles des mieux sensĂ©s.
and although there are some perhaps among the Persians and Chinese as judicious as among ourselves, expediency seemed to dictate that I should regulate my practice conformably to the opinions of those with whom I should have to live;
Et encore quâil y en ait peut-ĂȘtre dâaussi bien sensĂ©s parmi les Perses ou les Chinois que parmi nous, il me sembloit que le plus utile Ă©toit de me rĂ©gler selon ceux avec lesquels jâaurois Ă vivre ;
and it appeared to me that, in order to ascertain the real opinions of such, I ought rather to take cognizance of what they practised than of what they said, not only because, in the corruption of our manners, there are few disposed to speak exactly as they believe, but also because very many are not aware of what it is that they really believe;
et que, pour savoir quelles Ă©toient vĂ©ritablement leurs opinions, je devois plutĂŽt prendre garde Ă ce quâils pratiquoient quâĂ ce quâils disoient, non seulement Ă cause quâen la corruption de nos mĆurs il y a peu de gens qui veuillent dire tout ce quâils croient, mais aussi Ă cause que plusieurs lâignorent eux-mĂȘmes ;
for, as the act of mind by which a thing is believed is different from that by which we know that we believe it, the one act is often found without the other.
car lâaction de la pensĂ©e par laquelle on croit une chose Ă©tant diffĂ©rente de celle par laquelle on connoĂźt quâon la croit, elles sont souvent lâune sans lâautre.
Also, amid many opinions held in equal repute, I chose always the most moderate, as much for the reason that these are always the most convenient for practice, and probably the best, (for all excess is generally vicious,) as that, in the event of my falling into error, I might be at less distance from the truth than if, having chosen one of the extremes, it should turn out to be the other which I ought to have adopted.
Et, entre plusieurs opinions Ă©galement reçues, je ne choisissois que les plus modĂ©rĂ©es, tant Ă cause que ce sont toujours les plus commodes pour la pratique, et vraisemblablement les meilleures, tous excĂšs ayant coutume dâĂȘtre mauvais, comme aussi afin de me dĂ©tourner moins du vrai chemin, en cas que je faillisse, que si, ayant choisi lâun des extrĂȘmes, câeĂ»t Ă©tĂ© lâautre quâil eĂ»t fallu suivre.
And I placed in the class of extremes especially all promises by which somewhat of our freedom is abridged; not that I disapproved of the laws which, to provide against the instability of men of feeble resolution, when what is sought to be accomplished is some good, permit engagements by vows and contracts binding the parties to persevere in it, or even, for the security of commerce, sanction similar engagements where the purpose sought to be realized is indifferent:
Et particuliĂšrement je mettois entre les excĂšs toutes les promesses par lesquelles on retranche quelque chose de sa libertĂ© ; non que je dĂ©sapprouvasse les lois, qui, pour remĂ©dier Ă lâinconstance des esprits foibles, permettent, lorsquâon a quelque bon dessein, ou mĂȘme, pour la sĂ»retĂ© du commerce, quelque dessein qui nâest quâindiffĂ©rent, quâon fasse des vĆux ou des contrats qui obligent Ă y persĂ©vĂ©rer :
but because I did not find anything on earth which was wholly superior to change, and because, for myself in particular, I hoped gradually to perfect my judgments, and not to suffer them to deteriorate, I would have deemed it a grave sin against good sense, if, for the reason that I approved of something at a particular time, I therefore bound myself to hold it for good at a subsequent time, when perhaps it had ceased to be so, or I had ceased to esteem it such.
mais Ă cause que je ne voyois au monde aucune chose qui demeurĂąt toujours en mĂȘme Ă©tat, et que, pour mon particulier, je me promettois de perfectionner de plus en plus mes jugements, et non point de les rendre pires, jâeusse pensĂ© commettre une grande faute contre le bon sens, si, pourceque jâapprouvois alors quelque chose, je me fusse obligĂ© de la prendre pour bonne encore aprĂšs, lorsquâelle auroit peut-ĂȘtre cessĂ© de lâĂȘtre, ou que jâaurois cessĂ© de lâestimer telle.
My second maxim was to be as firm and resolute in my actions as I was able, and not to adhere less steadfastly to the most doubtful opinions, when once adopted, than if they had been highly certain;
Ma seconde maxime Ă©toit dâĂȘtre le plus ferme et le plus rĂ©solu en mes actions que je pourrois, et de ne suivre pas moins constamment les opinions les plus douteuses lorsque je mây serois une fois dĂ©terminĂ©, que si elles eussent Ă©tĂ© trĂšs assurĂ©es :
imitating in this the example of travellers who, when they have lost their way in a forest, ought not to wander from side to side, far less remain in one place, but proceed constantly towards the same side in as straight a line as possible, without changing their direction for slight reasons, although perhaps it might be chance alone which at first determined the selection;
imitant en ceci les voyageurs, qui, se trouvant Ă©garĂ©s en quelque forĂȘt, ne doivent pas errer en tournoyant tantĂŽt dâun cĂŽtĂ© tantĂŽt dâun autre, ni encore moins sâarrĂȘter en une place, mais marcher toujours le plus droit quâils peuvent vers un mĂȘme cĂŽtĂ©, et ne le changer point pour de foibles raisons, encore que ce nâait peut-ĂȘtre Ă©tĂ© au commencement que le hasard seul qui les ait dĂ©terminĂ©s Ă le choisir ;
for in this way, if they do not exactly reach the point they desire, they will come at least in the end to some place that will probably be preferable to the middle of a forest.
car, par ce moyen, sâils ne vont justement oĂč ils dĂ©sirent, ils arriveront au moins Ă la fin quelque part oĂč vraisemblablement ils seront mieux que dans le milieu dâune forĂȘt.
In the same way, since in action it frequently happens that no delay is permissible, it is very certain that, when it is not in our power to determine what is true, we ought to act according to what is most probable;
Et ainsi les actions de la vie ne souffrant souvent aucun dĂ©lai, câest une vĂ©ritĂ© trĂšs certaine que, lorsquâil nâest pas en notre pouvoir de discerner les plus vraies opinions, nous devons suivre les plus probables ;
and even although we should not remark a greater probability in one opinion than in another, we ought notwithstanding to choose one or the other, and afterwards consider it, in so far as it relates to practice, as no longer dubious, but manifestly true and certain, since the reason by which our choice has been determined is itself possessed of these qualities.
et mĂȘme quâencore que nous ne remarquions point davantage de probabilitĂ© aux unes quâaux autres, nous devons nĂ©anmoins nous dĂ©terminer Ă quelques unes, et les considĂ©rer aprĂšs, non plus comme douteuses en tant quâelles se rapportent Ă la pratique, mais comme trĂšs vraies et trĂšs certaines, Ă cause que la raison qui nous y a fait dĂ©terminer se trouve telle.
This principle was sufficient thenceforward to rid me of all those repentings and pangs of remorse that usually disturb the consciences of such feeble and uncertain minds as, destitute of any clear and determinate principle of choice, allow themselves one day to adopt a course of action as the best, which they abandon the next, as the opposite.
Et ceci fut capable dĂšs lors de me dĂ©livrer de tous les repentirs et les remords qui ont coutume dâagiter les consciences de ces esprits foibles et chancelants qui se laissent aller inconstamment Ă pratiquer comme bonnes les choses quâils jugent aprĂšs ĂȘtre mauvaises.
My third maxim was to endeavour always to conquer myself rather than fortune, and change my desires rather than the order of the world, and in general, accustom myself to the persuasion that, except our own thoughts, there is nothing absolutely in our power; so that when we have done our best in respect of things external to us, all wherein we fail of success is to be held, as regards us, absolutely impossible
Ma troisiĂšme maxime Ă©toit de tĂącher toujours plutĂŽt Ă me vaincre que la fortune, et Ă changer mes dĂ©sirs que lâordre du monde, et gĂ©nĂ©ralement de mâaccoutumer Ă croire quâil nây a rien qui soit entiĂšrement en notre pouvoir que nos pensĂ©es, en sorte quâaprĂšs que nous avons fait notre mieux touchant les choses qui nous sont extĂ©rieures, tout ce qui manque de nous rĂ©ussir est au regard de nous absolument impossible.
and this single principle seemed to me sufficient to prevent me from desiring for the future anything which I could not obtain, and thus render me contented;
Et ceci seul me sembloit ĂȘtre suffisant pour mâempĂȘcher de rien dĂ©sirer Ă lâavenir que je nâacquisse, et ainsi pour me rendre content ;
for since our will naturally seeks those objects alone which the understanding represents as in some way possible of attainment, it is plain, that if we consider all external goods as equally beyond our power, we shall no more regret the absence of such goods as seem due to our birth, when deprived of them without any fault of ours, than our not possessing the kingdoms of China or Mexico;
car notre volontĂ© ne se portant naturellement Ă dĂ©sirer que les choses que notre entendement lui reprĂ©sente en quelque façon comme possibles, il est certain que si nous considĂ©rons tous les biens qui sont hors de nous comme Ă©galement Ă©loignĂ©s de notre pouvoir, nous nâaurons pas plus de regret de manquer de ceux qui semblent ĂȘtre dus Ă notre naissance, lorsque nous en serons privĂ©s sans notre faute, que nous avons de ne possĂ©der pas les royaumes de la Chine ou de Mexique ;
and thus making, so to speak, a virtue of necessity, we shall no more desire health in disease, or freedom in imprisonment, than we now do bodies incorruptible as diamonds, or the wings of birds to fly with.
et que faisant, comme on dit, de nĂ©cessitĂ© vertu, nous ne dĂ©sirerons pas davantage dâĂȘtre sains Ă©tant malades, ou dâĂȘtre libres Ă©tant en prison, que nous faisons maintenant dâavoir des corps dâune matiĂšre aussi peu corruptible que les diamants, ou des ailes pour voler comme les oiseaux.
But I confess there is need of prolonged discipline and frequently repeated meditation to accustom the mind to view all objects in this light;
Mais jâavoue quâil est besoin dâun long exercice, et dâune mĂ©ditation souvent rĂ©itĂ©rĂ©e, pour sâaccoutumer Ă regarder de ce biais toutes les choses ;
and I believe that in this chiefly consisted the secret of the power of such philosophers as in former times were enabled to rise superior to the influence of fortune, and, amid suffering and poverty, enjoy a happiness which their gods might have envied.
et je crois que câest principalement en ceci que consistoit le secret de ces philosophes qui ont pu autrefois se soustraire de lâempire de la fortune, et, malgrĂ© les douleurs et la pauvretĂ©, disputer de la fĂ©licitĂ© avec leurs dieux.
For, occupied incessantly with the consideration of the limits prescribed to their power by nature, they became so entirely convinced that nothing was at their disposal except their own thoughts, that this conviction was of itself sufficient to prevent their entertaining any desire of other objects;
Car, sâoccupant sans cesse Ă considĂ©rer les bornes qui leur Ă©toient prescrites par la nature, ils se persuadoient si parfaitement que rien nâĂ©toit en leur pouvoir que leurs pensĂ©es, que cela seul Ă©toit suffisant pour les empĂȘcher dâavoir aucune affection pour dâautres choses ;
and over their thoughts they acquired a sway so absolute, that they had some ground on this account for esteeming themselves more rich and more powerful, more free and more happy, than other men who, whatever be the favours heaped on them by nature and fortune, if destitute of this philosophy, can never command the realization of all their desires.
et ils disposoient dâelles si absolument quâils avoient en cela quelque raison de sâestimer plus riches et plus puissants et plus libres et plus heureux quâaucun des autres hommes, qui, nâayant point cette philosophie, tant favorisĂ©s de la nature et de la fortune quâils puissent ĂȘtre, ne disposent jamais ainsi de tout ce quâils veulent.
In fine, to conclude this code of Morals, I thought of reviewing the different occupations of men in this life, with the view of making choice of the best.
Enfin, pour conclusion de cette morale, je mâavisai de faire une revue sur les diverses occupations quâont les hommes en cette vie, pour tĂącher Ă faire choix de la meilleure ;
And, without wishing to offer any remarks on the employments of others, I may state that it was my conviction that I could not do better than continue in that in which I was engaged, viz., in devoting my whole life to the culture of my Reason, and in making the greatest progress I was able in the knowledge of truth, on the principles of the Method which I had prescribed to myself.
et, sans que je veuille rien dire de celles des autres, je pensai que je ne pouvois mieux que de continuer en celle-lĂ mĂȘme oĂč je me trouvois, câest-Ă -dire que dâemployer toute ma vie Ă cultiver ma raison, et mâavancer autant que je pourrois en la connoissance de la vĂ©ritĂ©, suivant la mĂ©thode que je mâĂ©tois prescrite.
This Method, from the time I had begun to apply it, had been to me the source of satisfaction so intense as to lead me to believe that more perfect or more innocent could not be enjoyed in this life; and as by its means I daily discovered truths that appeared to me of some importance, and of which other men were generally ignorant, the gratification thence arising so occupied my mind that I was wholly indifferent to every other object.
Jâavois Ă©prouvĂ© de si extrĂȘmes contentements depuis que jâavois commencĂ© Ă me servir de cette mĂ©thode, que je ne croyois pas quâon en pĂ»t recevoir de plus doux ni de plus innocents en cette vie ; et dĂ©couvrant tous les jours par son moyen quelques vĂ©ritĂ©s qui me sembloient assez importantes et communĂ©ment ignorĂ©es des autres hommes, la satisfaction que jâen avois remplissoit tellement mon esprit que tout le reste ne me touchoit point.
Besides, the three preceding maxims were founded singly on the design of continuing the work of self-instruction. For since God has endowed each of us with some Light of Reason by which to distinguish truth from error, I could not have believed that I ought for a single moment to rest satisfied with the opinions of another, unless I had resolved to exercise my own judgment in examining these whenever I should be duly qualified for the task.
Outre que les trois maximes prĂ©cĂ©dentes nâĂ©toient fondĂ©es que sur le dessein que jâavois de continuer Ă mâinstruire : car Dieu nous ayant donnĂ© Ă chacun quelque lumiĂšre pour discerner le vrai dâavec le faux, je nâeusse pas cru me devoir contenter des opinions dâautrui un seul moment, si je ne me fusse proposĂ© dâemployer mon propre jugement Ă les examiner lorsquâil seroit temps ;
Nor could I have proceeded on such opinions without scruple, had supposed that I should thereby forfeit any advantage for attaining still more accurate, should such exist.
et je nâeusse su mâexempter de scrupule en les suivant, si je nâeusse espĂ©rĂ© de ne perdre pour cela aucune occasion dâen trouver de meilleures en cas quâil y en eĂ»t ;
And, in fine, I could not have restrained my desires, nor remained satisfied, had I not followed a path in which I thought myself certain of attaining all the knowledge to the acquisition of which I was competent, as well as the largest amount of what is truly good which I could ever hope to secure. Inasmuch as we neither seek nor shun any object except in so far as our understanding represents it as good or bad, all that is necessary to right action is right judgment, and to the best action the most correct judgment,âthat is, to the acquisition of all the virtues with all else that is truly valuable and within our reach; and the assurance of such an acquisition cannot fail to render us contented.
et enfin, je nâeusse su borner mes dĂ©sirs ni ĂȘtre content, si je nâeusse suivi un chemin par lequel, pensant ĂȘtre assurĂ© de lâacquisition de toutes les connoissances dont je serois capable, je le pensois ĂȘtre par mĂȘme moyen de celle de tous les vrais biens qui seroient jamais en mon pouvoir ; dâautant que, notre volontĂ© ne se portant Ă suivre ni Ă fuir aucune chose que selon que notre entendement la lui reprĂ©sente bonne ou mauvaise, il suffit de bien juger pour bien faire, et de juger le mieux quâon puisse pour faire aussi tout son mieux, câest-Ă -dire pour acquĂ©rir toutes les vertus, et ensemble tous les autres biens quâon puisse acquĂ©rir ; et lorsquâon est certain que cela est, on ne sauroit manquer dâĂȘtre content.
Having thus provided myself with these maxims, and having placed them in reserve along with the truths of Faith, which have ever occupied the first place in my belief, I came to the conclusion that I might with freedom set about ridding myself of what remained of my opinions.
AprĂšs mâĂȘtre ainsi assurĂ© de ces maximes, et les avoir mises Ă part avec les vĂ©ritĂ©s de la foi, qui ont toujours Ă©tĂ© les premiĂšres en ma crĂ©ance, je jugeai que pour tout le reste de mes opinions je pouvois librement entreprendre de mâen dĂ©faire.
And, inasmuch as I hoped to be better able successfully to accomplish this work by holding intercourse with mankind, than by remaining longer shut up in the retirement where these thoughts had occurred to me, I betook me again to travelling before the winter was well ended.
Et dâautant que jâespĂ©rois en pouvoir mieux venir Ă bout en conversant avec les hommes quâen demeurant plus long-temps renfermĂ© dans le poĂȘle oĂč jâavois eu toutes ces pensĂ©es, lâhiver nâĂ©toit pas encore bien achevĂ© que je me remis Ă voyager.
And, during the nine subsequent years, I did nothing but roam from one place to another, desirous of being a spectator rather than an actor in the plays exibited on the theatre of the world;
Et en toutes les neuf annĂ©es suivantes je ne fis autre chose que rouler çà et lĂ dans le monde, tĂąchant dây ĂȘtre spectateur plutĂŽt quâacteur en toutes les comĂ©dies qui sây jouent ;
and, as I made it my business in each matter to reflect particularly upon what might fairly be doubted and prove a source of error, I gradually rooted out from my mind all the errors which had hitherto crept into it.
et, faisant particuliĂšrement rĂ©flexion en chaque matiĂšre sur ce qui la pouvoit rendre suspecte et nous donner occasion de nous mĂ©prendre, je dĂ©racinois cependant de mon esprit toutes les erreurs qui sây Ă©toient pu glisser auparavant.
Not that in this I imitated the Sceptics who doubt only that they may doubt, and seek nothing beyond uncertainty itself; for, on the contrary, my design was singly to find ground of assurance, and cast aside the loose earth and sand, that I might reach the rock or the clay.
Non que jâimitasse pour cela les sceptiques, qui ne doutent que pour douter, et affectent dâĂȘtre toujours irrĂ©solus ; car, au contraire, tout mon dessein me tendoit quâĂ mâassurer, et Ă rejeter la terre mouvante et le sable pour trouver le roc ou lâargile.
In this, as appears to me, I was successful enough; for, since I endeavoured to discover the falsehood or incertitude of the propositions I examined, not by feeble conjectures, but by clear and certain reasonings, I met with nothing so doubtful as not to yield some conclusion of adequate certainty, although this were merely the inference, that the matter in question contained nothing certain.
Ce qui me rĂ©ussissoit, ce me semble, assez bien, dâautant que, tĂąchant Ă dĂ©couvrir la faussetĂ© ou lâincertitude des propositions que jâexaminois, non par de foibles conjectures, mais par des raisonnements clairs et assurĂ©s, je nâen rencontrois point de si douteuse que je nâen tirasse toujours quelque conclusion assez certaine, quand ce nâeĂ»t Ă©tĂ© que cela mĂȘme quâelle ne contenoit rien de certain.
And, just as in pulling down an old house, we usually reserve the ruins to contribute towards the erection, so, in destroying such of my opinions as I judged to be ill-founded, I made a variety of observations and acquired an amount of experience of which I availed myself in the establishment of more certain.
Et, comme, en abattant un vieux logis, on en rĂ©serve ordinairement les dĂ©molitions pour servir Ă en bĂątir un nouveau, ainsi, en dĂ©truisant toutes celles de mes opinions que je jugeois ĂȘtre mal fondĂ©es, je faisois diverses observations et acquĂ©rois plusieurs expĂ©riences qui mâont servi depuis Ă en Ă©tablir de plus certaines.
And further, I continued to exercise myself in the Method I had prescribed; for, besides taking care in general to conduct all my thoughts according to its rules, I reserved some hours from time to time which I expressly devoted to the employment of the Method in the solution of Mathematical difficulties, or even in the solution likewise of some questions belonging to other Sciences, but which, by my having detached them from such principles of these Sciences as were of inadequate certainty, were rendered almost Mathematical: the truth of this will be manifest from the numerous examples contained in this volume.*
Et de plus je continuois Ă mâexercer en la mĂ©thode que je mâĂ©tois prescrite ; car, outre que jâavois soin de conduire gĂ©nĂ©ralement toutes mes pensĂ©es selon les rĂšgles, je me rĂ©servois de temps en temps quelques heures, que jâemployois particuliĂšrement Ă la pratiquer en des difficultĂ©s de mathĂ©matique, ou mĂȘme aussi en quelques autres que je pouvois rendre quasi semblables Ă celles des mathĂ©matiques, en les dĂ©tachant de tous les principes des autres sciences que je ne trouvois pas assez fermes, comme vous verrez que jâai fait en plusieurs qui sont expliquĂ©es en ce volume*.
And thus, without in appearance living otherwise than those who, with no other occupation than that of spending their lives agreeably and innocently, study to sever pleasure from vice, and who, that they may enjoy their leisure without ennui, have recourse to such pursuits as are honourable, I was nevertheless prosecuting my design, and making greater progress in the knowledge of truth, than I might, perhaps, have made had I been engaged in the perusal of books merely, or in holding converse with men of letters.
Et ainsi, sans vivre dâautre façon en apparence que ceux qui, nâayant aucun emploi quâĂ passer une vie douce et innocente, sâĂ©tudient Ă sĂ©parer les plaisirs des vices, et qui, pour jouir de leur loisir sans sâennuyer, usent de tous les divertissements qui sont honnĂȘtes, je ne laissois pas de poursuivre en mon dessein, et de profiter en la connoissance de la vĂ©ritĂ©, peut-ĂȘtre plus que si je nâeusse fait que lire des livres ou frĂ©quenter des gens de lettres.
These nine years passed away, however, before I had come to any determinate judgment respecting the difficulties which form matter of dispute among the learned, or had commenced to seek the principles of any Philosophy more certain than the vulgar.
Toutefois ces neuf ans sâĂ©coulĂšrent avant que jâeusse encore pris aucun parti touchant les difficultĂ©s qui ont coutume dâĂȘtre disputĂ©es entre les doctes, ni commencĂ© Ă chercher les fondements dâaucune philosophie plus certaine que la vulgaire.
And the examples of many men of the highest genius, who had, in former times, engaged in this inquiry, but, as appeared to me, without success, led me to imagine it to be a work of so much difficulty, that I would not perhaps have ventured on it so soon had I not heard it currently rumoured that I had already completed the inquiry.
Et lâexemple de plusieurs excellents esprits, qui en ayant eu ci-devant le dessein me sembloient nây avoir pas rĂ©ussi, mây faisoit imaginer tant de difficultĂ©, que je nâeusse peut-ĂȘtre pas encore sitĂŽt osĂ© lâentreprendre, si je nâeusse vu que quelques uns faisoient dĂ©jĂ courre le bruit que jâen Ă©tois venu Ă bout.
I know not what were the grounds of this opinion; and, if my conversation contributed in any measure to its rise, this must have happened rather from my having confessed my ignorance with greater freedom than those are accustomed to do who have studied a little, and expounded, perhaps, the reasons that led me to doubt of many of those things that by others are esteemed certain, than from my having boasted of any system of Philosophy.
Je ne saurois pas dire sur quoi ils fondoient cette opinion ; et si jây ai contribuĂ© quelque chose par mes discours, ce doit avoir Ă©tĂ© en confessant plus ingĂ©nument ce que jâignorois, que nâont coutume de faire ceux qui ont un peu Ă©tudiĂ©, et peut-ĂȘtre aussi en faisant voir les raisons que jâavois de douter de beaucoup de choses que les autres estiment certaines, plutĂŽt quâen me vantant dâaucune doctrine.
But, as I am of a disposition that makes me unwilling to be esteemed different from what I really am, I thought it necessary to endeavour by all means to render myself worthy of the reputation accorded to me;
Mais ayant le cĆur assez bon pour ne vouloir point quâon me prĂźt pour autre que je nâĂ©tois, je pensai quâil falloit que je tĂąchasse par tous moyens Ă me rendre digne de la rĂ©putation quâon me donnoit ;
and it is now exactly eight years since this desire constrained me to remove from all those places where interruption from any of my acquaintances was possible, and betake myself to this country,* in which the long duration of the war has led to the establishment of such discipline, that the armies maintained seem to be of use only in enabling the inhabitants to enjoy more securely the blessings of peace; and where, in the midst of a great crowd actively engaged in business, and more careful of their own affairs than curious about those of others, I have been enabled to live without being deprived of any of the conveniences to be had in the most populous cities, and yet as solitary and as retired as in the midst of the most remote deserts.
et il y a justement huit ans que ce dĂ©sir me fit rĂ©soudre Ă mâĂ©loigner de tous les lieux oĂč je pouvois avoir des connoissances, et Ă me retirer ici, en un pays oĂč la longue durĂ©e de la guerre a fait Ă©tablir de tels ordres, que les armĂ©es quâon y entretient ne semblent servir quâĂ faire quâon y jouisse des fruits de la paix avec dâautant plus de sĂ»retĂ©, et oĂč, parmi la foule dâun grand peuple fort actif, et plus soigneux de ses propres affaires que curieux de celles dâautrui, sans manquer dâaucune des commoditĂ©s qui sont dans les villes les plus frĂ©quentĂ©es, jâai pu vivre aussi solitaire et retirĂ© que dans les dĂ©serts les plus Ă©cartĂ©s.
Part IV
QuatriĂšme partie
I am in doubt as to the propriety of making my first meditations in the place above mentioned matter of discourse; for these are so metaphysical, and so uncommon, as not, perhaps, to be acceptable to every one. And yet, that it may be determined whether the foundations that I have laid are sufficiently secure, I find myself in a measure constrained to advert to them.
Je ne sais si je dois vous entretenir des premiĂšres mĂ©ditations que jây ai faites ; car elles sont si mĂ©taphysiques et si peu communes, quâelles ne seront peut-ĂȘtre pas au goĂ»t de tout le monde : et toutefois, afin quâon puisse juger si les fondements que jâai pris sont assez fermes, je me trouve en quelque façon contraint dâen parler.
I had long before remarked that, in relation to practice, it is sometimes necessary to adopt, as if above doubt, opinions which we discern to be highly uncertain, as has been already said; but as I then desired to give my attention solely to the search after truth, I thought that a procedure exactly the opposite was called for, and that I ought to reject as absolutely false all opinions in regard to which I could suppose the least ground for doubt, in order to ascertain whether after that there remained aught in my belief that was wholly indubitable.
Jâavois dĂšs long-temps remarquĂ© que pour les mĆurs il est besoin quelquefois de suivre des opinions quâon sait ĂȘtre fort incertaines, tout de mĂȘme que si elles Ă©toient indubitables, ainsi quâil a Ă©tĂ© dit ci-dessus : mais pourcequâalors je dĂ©sirois vaquer seulement Ă la recherche de la vĂ©ritĂ©, je pensai quâil falloit que je fisse tout le contraire, et que je rejetasse comme absolument faux tout ce en quoi je pourrois imaginer le moindre doute, afin de voir sâil ne resteroit point aprĂšs cela quelque chose en ma crĂ©ance qui fĂ»t entiĂšrement indubitable.
Accordingly, seeing that our senses sometimes deceive us, I was willing to suppose that there existed nothing really such as they presented to us; and because some men err in reasoning, and fall into paralogisms, even on the simplest matters of Geometry, I, convinced that I was as open to error as any other, rejected as false all the reasonings I had hitherto taken for demonstrations;
Ainsi, Ă cause que nos sens nous trompent quelquefois, je voulus supposer quâil nây avoit aucune chose qui fĂ»t telle quâils nous la font imaginer ; et parcequâil y a des hommes qui se mĂ©prennent en raisonnant, mĂȘme touchant les plus simples matiĂšres de gĂ©omĂ©trie, et y font des paralogismes, jugeant que jâĂ©tois sujet Ă faillir autant quâaucun autre, je rejetai comme fausses toutes les raisons que jâavois prises auparavant pour dĂ©monstrations ;
and finally, when I considered that the very same thoughts (presentations) which we experience when awake may also be experienced when we are asleep, while there is at that time not one of them true, I supposed that all the objects (presentations) that had ever entered into my mind when awake, had in them no more truth than the illusions of my dreams.
et enfin, considĂ©rant que toutes les mĂȘmes pensĂ©es que nous avons Ă©tant Ă©veillĂ©s nous peuvent aussi venir quand nous dormons, sans quâil y en ait aucune pour lors qui soit vraie, je me rĂ©solus de feindre que toutes les choses qui mâĂ©toient jamais entrĂ©es en lâesprit nâĂ©toient non plus vraies que les illusions de mes songes.
But immediately upon this I observed that, whilst I thus wished to think that all was false, it was absolutely necessary that I, who thus thought, should be somewhat; and as I observed that this truth, I think, hence I am, was so certain and of such evidence, that no ground of doubt, however extravagant, could be alleged by the Sceptics capable of shaking it, I concluded that I might, without scruple, accept it as the first principle of the Philosophy of which I was in search.
Mais aussitĂŽt aprĂšs je pris garde que, pendant que je voulois ainsi penser que tout Ă©toit faux, il falloit nĂ©cessairement que moi qui le pensois fusse quelque chose ; et remarquant que cette vĂ©ritĂ©, je pense, donc je suis, Ă©toit si ferme et si assurĂ©e, que toutes les plus extravagantes suppositions des sceptiques nâĂ©toient pas capables de lâĂ©branler, je jugeai que je pouvois la recevoir sans scrupule pour le premier principe de la philosophie que je cherchois.
In the next place, I attentively examined what I was, and as I observed that I could suppose that I had no body, and that there was no world nor any place in which I might be; but that I could not therefore suppose that I was not; and that, on the contrary, from the very circumstance that I thought to doubt of the truth of other things, it most clearly and certainly followed that I was; while, on the other hand, if I had only ceased to think, although all the other objects which I had ever imagined had been in reality existent, I would have had no reason to believe that I existed;
Puis, examinant avec attention ce que jâĂ©tois, et voyant que je pouvois feindre que je nâavois aucun corps, et quâil nây avoit aucun monde ni aucun lieu oĂč je fusse ; mais que je ne pouvois pas feindre pour cela que je nâĂ©tois point ; et quâau contraire de cela mĂȘme que je pensois Ă douter de la vĂ©ritĂ© des autres choses, il suivoit trĂšs Ă©videmment et trĂšs certainement que jâĂ©tois ; au lieu que si jâeusse seulement cessĂ© de penser, encore que tout le reste de ce que jâavois jamais imaginĂ© eĂ»t Ă©tĂ© vrai, je nâavois aucune raison de croire que jâeusse Ă©tĂ© :
I thence concluded that I was a substance whose whole essence or nature consists only in thinking, and which, that it may exist, has need of no place, nor is dependent on any material thing; so that âI,â that is to say, the mind by which I am what I am, is wholly distinct from the body, and is even more easily known than the latter, and is such, that although the latter were not, it would still continue to be all that it is.
je connus de lĂ que jâĂ©tois une substance dont toute lâessence ou la nature nâest que de penser, et qui pour ĂȘtre nâa besoin dâaucun lieu ni ne dĂ©pend dâaucune chose matĂ©rielle ; en sorte que ce moi, câest-Ă -dire lâĂąme, par laquelle je suis ce que je suis, est entiĂšrement distincte du corps, et mĂȘme quâelle est plus aisĂ©e Ă connoĂźtre que lui, et quâencore quâil ne fĂ»t point, elle ne lairroit pas dâĂȘtre tout ce quâelle est.
After this I inquired in general into what is essential to the truth and certainty of a proposition; for since I had discovered one which I knew to be true, I thought that I must likewise be able to discover the ground of this certitude.
AprĂšs cela je considĂ©rai en gĂ©nĂ©ral ce qui est requis Ă une proposition pour ĂȘtre vraie et certaine ; car puisque je venois dâen trouver une que je savois ĂȘtre telle, je pensai que je devois aussi savoir en quoi consiste cette certitude.
And as I observed that in the words I think, hence I am, there is nothing at all which gives me assurance of their truth beyond this, that I see very clearly that in order to think it is necessary to exist, I concluded that I might take, as a general rule, the principle, that all the things which we very clearly and distinctly conceive are true, only observing, however, that there is some difficulty in rightly determining the objects which we distinctly conceive.
Et ayant remarquĂ© quâil nây a rien du tout en ceci, je pense, donc je suis, qui mâassure que je dis la vĂ©ritĂ©, sinon que je vois trĂšs clairement que pour penser il faut ĂȘtre, je jugeai que je pouvois prendre pour rĂšgle gĂ©nĂ©rale que les choses que nous concevons fort clairement et fort distinctement sont toutes vraies, mais quâil y a seulement quelque difficultĂ© Ă bien remarquer quelles sont celles que nous concevons distinctement.
In the next place, from reflecting on the circumstance that I doubted, and that consequently my being was not wholly perfect, (for I clearly saw that it was a greater perfection to know than to doubt,) I was led to inquire whence I had learned to think of something more perfect than myself; and I clearly recognised that I must hold this notion from some Nature which in reality was more perfect.
Ensuite de quoi, faisant rĂ©flexion sur ce que je doutois, et que par consĂ©quent mon ĂȘtre nâĂ©toit pas tout parfait, car je voyois clairement que câĂ©toit une plus grande perfection de connoĂźtre que de douter, je mâavisai de chercher dâoĂč jâavois appris Ă penser Ă quelque chose de plus parfait que je nâĂ©tois ; et je connus Ă©videmment que ce devoit ĂȘtre de quelque nature qui fĂ»t en effet plus parfaite.
As for the thoughts of many other objects external to me, as of the sky, the earth, light, heat, and a thousand more, I was less at a loss to know whence these came; for since I remarked in them nothing which seemed to render them superior to myself, I could believe that, if these were true, they were dependencies on my own nature, in so far as it possessed a certain perfection, and, if they were false, that I held them from nothing, that is to say, that they were in me because of a certain imperfection of my nature.
Pour ce qui est des pensĂ©es que jâavois de plusieurs autres choses hors de moi, comme du ciel, de la terre, de la lumiĂšre, de la chaleur, et de mille autres, je nâĂ©tois point tant en peine de savoir dâoĂč elles venoient, Ă cause que, ne remarquant rien en elles qui me semblĂąt les rendre supĂ©rieures Ă moi, je pouvois croire que, si elles Ă©toient vraies, câĂ©toient des dĂ©pendances de ma nature, en tant quâelle avoit quelque perfection, et, si elles ne lâĂ©toient pas, que je les tenois du nĂ©ant, câest-Ă -dire quâelles Ă©toient en moi pourceque jâavois du dĂ©faut.
But this could not be the case with the idea of a Nature more perfect than myself; for to receive it from nothing was a thing manifestly impossible; and, because it is not less repugnant that the more perfect should be an effect of, and dependence on the less perfect, than that something should proceed from nothing, it was equally impossible that I could hold it from myself:
Mais ce ne pouvoit ĂȘtre le mĂȘme de lâidĂ©e dâun ĂȘtre plus parfait que le mien : car, de la tenir du nĂ©ant, câĂ©toit chose manifestement impossible ; et pourcequâil nây a pas moins de rĂ©pugnance que le plus parfait soit une suite et une dĂ©pendance du moins parfait, quâil y en a que de rien procĂšde quelque chose, je ne la pouvois tenir non plus de moi-mĂȘme :
accordingly, it but remained that it had been placed in me by a Nature which was in reality more perfect than mine, and which even possessed within itself all the perfections of which I could form any idea; that is to say, in a single word, which was God.
de façon quâil restoit quâelle eĂ»t Ă©tĂ© mise en moi par une nature qui fĂ»t vĂ©ritablement plus parfaite que je nâĂ©tois, et mĂȘme qui eĂ»t en soi toutes les perfections dont je pouvois avoir quelque idĂ©e, câest-Ă -dire, pour mâexpliquer en un mot, qui fĂ»t Dieu.
And to this I added that, since I knew some perfections which I did not possess, I was not the only being in existence, (I will here, with your permission, freely use the terms of the schools); but, on the contrary, that there was of necessity some other more perfect Being upon whom I was dependent, and from whom I had received all that I possessed;
Ă quoi jâajoutai que, puisque je connoissois quelques perfections que je nâavois point, je nâĂ©tois pas le seul ĂȘtre qui existĂąt (jâuserai, sâil vous plaĂźt, ici librement des mots de lâĂ©cole) ; mais quâil falloit de nĂ©cessitĂ© quâil y en eĂ»t quelque autre plus parfait, duquel je dĂ©pendisse, et duquel jâeusse acquis tout ce que jâavois :
for if I had existed alone, and independently of every other being, so as to have had from myself all the perfection, however little, which I actually possessed, I should have been able, for the same reason, to have had from myself the whole remainder of perfection, of the want of which I was conscious, and thus could of myself have become infinite, eternal, immutable, omniscient, all-powerful, and, in fine, have possessed all the perfections which I could recognise in God.
car, si jâeusse Ă©tĂ© seul et indĂ©pendant de tout autre, en sorte que jâeusse eu de moi-mĂȘme tout ce peu que je participois de lâĂȘtre parfait, jâeusse pu avoir de moi, par mĂȘme raison, tout le surplus que je connoissois me manquer, et ainsi ĂȘtre moi-mĂȘme infini, Ă©ternel, immuable, tout connoissant, tout puissant, et enfin avoir toutes les perfections que je pouvois remarquer ĂȘtre en Dieu.
For in order to know the nature of God, (whose existence has been established by the preceding reasonings,) as far as my own nature permitted, I had only to consider in reference to all the properties of which I found in my mind some idea, whether their possession was a mark of perfection; and I was assured that no one which indicated any imperfection was in him, and that none of the rest was awanting. Thus I perceived that doubt, inconstancy, sadness, and such like, could not be found in God, since I myself would have been happy to be free from them.
Car, suivant les raisonnements que je viens de faire, pour connoĂźtre la nature de Dieu, autant que la mienne en Ă©toit capable, je nâavois quâĂ considĂ©rer, de toutes les choses dont je trouvois en moi quelque idĂ©e, si câĂ©toit perfection ou non de les possĂ©der ; et jâĂ©tois assurĂ© quâaucune de celles qui marquoient quelque imperfection nâĂ©toit en lui, mais que toutes les autres y Ă©toient : comme je voyois que le doute, lâinconstance, la tristesse, et choses semblables, nây pouvoient ĂȘtre, vu que jâeusse Ă©tĂ© moi-mĂȘme bien aise dâen ĂȘtre exempt.
Besides, I had ideas of many sensible and corporeal things; for although I might suppose that I was dreaming, and that all which I saw or imagined was false, I could not, nevertheless, deny that the ideas were in reality in my thoughts.
Puis, outre cela, jâavois des idĂ©es de plusieurs choses sensibles et corporelles ; car, quoique je supposasse que je rĂȘvois, et que tout ce que je voyois ou imaginois Ă©toit faux, je ne pouvois nier toutefois que les idĂ©es nâen fussent vĂ©ritablement en ma pensĂ©e.
But, because I had already very clearly recognised in myself that the intelligent nature is distinct from the corporeal, and as I observed that all composition is an evidence of dependency, and that a state of dependency is manifestly a state of imperfection, I therefore determined that it could not be a perfection in God to be compounded of these two natures, and that consequently he was not so compounded;
Mais pourceque jâavois dĂ©jĂ connu en moi trĂšs clairement que la nature intelligente est distincte de la corporelle ; considĂ©rant que toute composition tĂ©moigne de la dĂ©pendance, et que la dĂ©pendance est manifestement un dĂ©faut, je jugeois de lĂ que ce ne pouvoit ĂȘtre une perfection en Dieu dâĂȘtre composĂ© de ces deux natures, et que par consĂ©quent il ne lâĂ©toit pas ;
but that if there were any bodies in the world, or even any intelligences, or other natures that were not wholly perfect, their existence depended on his power in such a way that they could not subsist without him for a single moment.
mais que sâil y avoit quelques corps dans le monde, ou bien quelques intelligences ou autres natures qui ne fussent point toutes parfaites, leur ĂȘtre devoit dĂ©pendre de sa puissance, en telle sorte quâelles ne pouvoient subsister sans lui un seul moment.
I was disposed straightway to search for other truths; and when I had represented to myself the object of the geometers, which I conceived to be a continuous body, or a space indefinitely extended in length, breadth, and height or depth, divisible into divers parts which admit of different figures and sizes, and of being moved or transposed in all manner of ways, (for all this the geometers suppose to be in the object they contemplate,) I went over some of their simplest demonstrations.
Je voulus chercher aprĂšs cela dâautres vĂ©ritĂ©s ; et mâĂ©tant proposĂ© lâobjet des gĂ©omĂštres, que je concevois comme un corps continu, ou un espace indĂ©finiment Ă©tendu en longueur, largeur et hauteur ou profondeur, divisible en diverses parties, qui pouvoient avoir diverses figures et grandeurs, et ĂȘtre mues ou transposĂ©es en toutes sortes, car les gĂ©omĂštres supposent tout cela en leur objet, je parcourus quelques unes de leurs plus simples dĂ©monstrations ;
And, in the first place, I observed, that the great certitude which by common consent is accorded to these demonstrations, is founded solely upon this, that they are clearly conceived in accordance with the rules I have already laid down. In the next place, I perceived that there was nothing at all in these demonstrations which could assure me of the existence of their object:
et, ayant pris garde que cette grande certitude, que tout le monde leur attribue, nâest fondĂ©e que sur ce quâon les conçoit Ă©videmment, suivant la rĂšgle que jâai tantĂŽt dite, je pris garde aussi quâil nây avoit rien du tout en elles qui mâassurĂąt de lâexistence de leur objet :
thus, for example, supposing a triangle to be given, I distinctly perceived that its three angles were necessarily equal to two right angles, but I did not on that account perceive anything which could assure me that any triangle existed:
car, par exemple, je voyois bien que, supposant un triangle, il falloit que ses trois angles fussent Ă©gaux Ă deux droits, mais je ne voyois rien pour cela qui mâassurĂąt quâil y eĂ»t au monde aucun triangle :
while, on the contrary, recurring to the examination of the idea of a Perfect Being, I found that the existence of the Being was comprised in the idea in the same way that the equality of its three angles to two right angles is comprised in the idea of a triangle, or as in the idea of a sphere, the equidistance of all points on its surface from the centre, or even still more clearly;
au lieu que, revenant Ă examiner lâidĂ©e que jâavois dâun ĂȘtre parfait, je trouvois que lâexistence y Ă©toit comprise en mĂȘme façon quâil est compris en celle dâun triangle que ses trois angles sont Ă©gaux Ă deux droits, ou en celle dâune sphĂšre que toutes ses parties sont Ă©galement distantes de son centre, ou mĂȘme encore plus Ă©videmment ;
and that consequently it is at least as certain that God, who is this Perfect Being, is, or exists, as any demonstration of Geometry can be.
et que par consĂ©quent il est pour le moins aussi certain que Dieu, qui est cet ĂȘtre si parfait, est ou existe, quâaucune dĂ©monstration de gĂ©omĂ©trie le sauroit ĂȘtre.
But the reason which leads many to persuade themselves that there is a difficulty in knowing this truth, and even also in knowing what their mind really is, is that they never raise their thoughts above sensible objects, and are so accustomed to consider nothing except by way of imagination, which is a mode of thinking limited to material objects, that all that is not imaginable seems to them not intelligible.
Mais ce qui fait quâil y en a plusieurs qui se persuadent quâil y a de la difficultĂ© Ă le connoĂźtre, et mĂȘme aussi Ă connoĂźtre ce que câest que leur Ăąme, câest quâils nâĂ©lĂšvent jamais leur esprit au delĂ des choses sensibles, et quâils sont tellement accoutumĂ©s Ă ne rien considĂ©rer quâen lâimaginant, qui est une façon de penser particuliĂšre pour les choses matĂ©rielles, que tout ce qui nâest pas imaginable leur semble nâĂȘtre pas intelligible.
The truth of this is sufficiently manifest from the single circumstance, that the philosophers of the Schools accept as a maxim that there is nothing in the Understanding which was not previously in the Senses, in which however it is certain that the ideas of God and of the soul have never been;
Ce qui est assez manifeste de ce que mĂȘme les philosophes tiennent pour maxime, dans les Ă©coles, quâil nây a rien dans lâentendement qui nâait premiĂšrement Ă©tĂ© dans le sens, oĂč toutefois il est certain que les idĂ©es de Dieu et de lâĂąme nâont jamais Ă©tĂ© ;
and it appears to me that they who make use of their imagination to comprehend these ideas do exactly the same thing as if, in order to hear sounds or smell odours, they strove to avail themselves of their eyes; unless indeed that there is this difference, that the sense of sight does not afford us an inferior assurance to those of smell or hearing; in place of which, neither our imagination nor our senses can give us assurance of anything unless our Understanding intervene.
et il me semble que ceux qui veulent user de leur imagination pour les comprendre font tout de mĂȘme que si, pour ouĂŻr les sons ou sentir les odeurs, ils se vouloient servir de leurs yeux : sinon quâil y a encore cette diffĂ©rence, que le sens de la vue ne nous assure pas moins de la vĂ©ritĂ© de ses objets que font ceux de lâodorat ou de lâouĂŻe ; au lieu que ni notre imagination ni nos sens ne nous sauroient jamais assurer dâaucune chose si notre entendement nây intervient.
Finally, if there be still persons who are not sufficiently persuaded of the existence of God and of the soul, by the reasons I have adduced, I am desirous that they should know that all the other propositions, of the truth of which they deem themselves perhaps more assured, as that we have a body, and that there exist stars and an earth, and such like, are less certain;
Enfin, sâil y a encore des hommes qui ne soient pas assez persuadĂ©s de lâexistence de Dieu et de leur Ăąme par les raisons que jâai apportĂ©es, je veux bien quâils sachent que toutes les autres choses dont ils se pensent peut-ĂȘtre plus assurĂ©s, comme dâavoir un corps, et quâil y a des astres et une terre, et choses semblables, sont moins certaines ;
for, although we have a moral assurance of these things, which is so strong that there is an appearance of extravagance in doubting of their existence, yet at the same time no one, unless his intellect is impaired, can deny, when the question relates to a metaphysical certitude, that there is sufficient reason to exclude entire assurance, in the observation that when asleep we can in the same way imagine ourselves possessed of another body and that we see other stars and another earth, when there is nothing of the kind.
car, encore quâon ait une assurance morale de ces choses, qui est telle quâil semble quâĂ moins dâĂȘtre extravagant on nâen peut douter, toutefois aussi, Ă moins que dâĂȘtre dĂ©raisonnable, lorsquâil est question dâune certitude mĂ©taphysique, on ne peut nier que ce ne soit assez de sujet pour nâen ĂȘtre pas entiĂšrement assurĂ©, que dâavoir pris garde quâon peut en mĂȘme façon sâimaginer, Ă©tant endormi, quâon a un autre corps, et quâon voit dâautres astres et une autre terre, sans quâil en soit rien.
For how do we know that the thoughts which occur in dreaming are false rather than those other which we experience when awake, since the former are often not less vivid and distinct than the latter?
Car dâoĂč sait-on que les pensĂ©es qui viennent en songe sont plutĂŽt fausses que les autres, vu que souvent elles ne sont pas moins vives et expresses ?
And though men of the highest genius study this question as long as they please, I do not believe that they will be able to give any reason which can be sufficient to remove this doubt, unless they presuppose the existence of God.
Et que les meilleurs esprits y Ă©tudient tant quâil leur plaira, je ne crois pas quâils puissent donner aucune raison qui soit suffisante pour ĂŽter ce doute, sâils ne prĂ©supposent lâexistence de Dieu.
For, in the first place, even the principle which I have already taken as a rule, viz., that all the things which we clearly and distinctly conceive are true, is certain only because God is or exists, and because he is a Perfect Being,
Car, premiĂšrement, cela mĂȘme que jâai tantĂŽt pris pour une rĂšgle, Ă savoir que les choses que nous concevons trĂšs clairement et trĂšs distinctement sont toutes vraies, nâest assurĂ© quâĂ cause que Dieu est ou existe, et quâil est un ĂȘtre parfait, et que tout ce qui est en nous vient de lui :
and because all that we possess is derived from him whence it follows that our ideas or notions, which to the extent of their clearness and distinctness are real, and proceed from God, must to that extent be true.
dâoĂč il suit que nos idĂ©es ou notions, Ă©tant des choses rĂ©elles et qui viennent de Dieu, en tout ce en quoi elles sont claires et distinctes, ne peuvent en cela ĂȘtre que vraies.
Accordingly, whereas we not unfrequently have ideas or notions in which some falsity is contained, this can only be the case with such as are to some extent confused and obscure, and in this proceed from nothing, (participate of negation,) that is, exist in us thus confused because we are not wholly perfect.
En sorte que si nous en avons assez souvent qui contiennent de la faussetĂ©, ce ne peut ĂȘtre que de celles qui ont quelque chose de confus et obscur, Ă cause quâen cela elles participent du nĂ©ant, câest-Ă -dire quâelles ne sont en nous ainsi confuses quâĂ cause que nous ne sommes pas tout parfaits.
And it is evident that it is not less repugnant that falsity or imperfection, in so far as it is imperfection, should proceed from God, than that truth or perfection should proceed from nothing.
Et il est Ă©vident quâil nây a pas moins de rĂ©pugnance que la faussetĂ© ou lâimperfection procĂšde de Dieu en tant que telle, quâil y en a que la vĂ©ritĂ© ou la perfection procĂšde du nĂ©ant.
But if we did not know that all which we possess of real and true proceeds from a Perfect and Infinite Being, however clear and distinct our ideas might be, we should have no ground on that account for the assurance that they possessed the perfection of being true.
Mais si nous ne savions point que tout ce qui est en nous de rĂ©el et de vrai vient dâun ĂȘtre parfait et infini, pour claires et distinctes que fussent nos idĂ©es, nous nâaurions aucune raison qui nous assurĂąt quâelles eussent la perfection dâĂȘtre vraies.
But after the knowledge of God and of the soul has rendered us certain of this rule, we can easily understand that the truth of the thoughts we experience when awake, ought not in the slightest degree to be called in question on account of the illusions of our dreams.
Or, aprĂšs que la connoissance de Dieu et de lâĂąme nous a ainsi rendus certains de cette rĂšgle, il est bien aisĂ© Ă connoĂźtre que les rĂȘveries que nous imaginons Ă©tant endormis ne doivent aucunement nous faire douter de la vĂ©ritĂ© des pensĂ©es que nous avons Ă©tant Ă©veillĂ©s.
For if it happened that an individual, even when asleep, had some very distinct idea, as, for example, if a geometer should discover some new demonstration, the circumstance of his being asleep would not militate against its truth;
Car sâil arrivoit mĂȘme en dormant quâon eĂ»t quelque idĂ©e fort distincte, comme, par exemple, quâun gĂ©omĂštre inventĂąt quelque nouvelle dĂ©monstration, son sommeil ne lâempĂȘcheroit pas dâĂȘtre vraie ;
and as for the most ordinary error of our dreams, which consists in their representing to us various objects in the same way as our external senses, this is not prejudicial, since it leads us very properly to suspect the truth of the ideas of sense; for we are not unfrequently deceived in the same manner when awake;
et pour lâerreur la plus ordinaire de nos songes, qui consiste en ce quâils nous reprĂ©sentent divers objets en mĂȘme façon que font nos sens extĂ©rieurs, nâimporte pas quâelle nous donne occasion de nous dĂ©fier de la vĂ©ritĂ© de telles idĂ©es, Ă cause quâelles peuvent aussi nous tromper assez souvent sans que nous dormions ;
as when persons in the jaundice see all objects yellow, or when the stars or bodies at a great distance appear to us much smaller than they are.
comme lorsque ceux qui ont la jaunisse voient tout de couleur jaune, ou que les astres ou autres corps fort Ă©loignĂ©s nous paroissent beaucoup plus petits quâils ne sont.
For, in fine, whether awake or asleep, we ought never to allow ourselves to be persuaded of the truth of anything unless on the evidence of our Reason.
Car enfin, soit que nous veillions, soit que nous dormions, nous ne nous devons jamais laisser persuader quâĂ lâĂ©vidence de notre raison.
And it must be noted that I say of our Reason, and not of our imagination or of our senses: thus, for example, although we very clearly see the sun, we ought not therefore to determine that it is only of the size which our sense of sight presents; and we may very distinctly imagine the head of a lion joined to the body of a goat, without being therefore shut up to the conclusion that a chimĂŠra exists; f
Et il est Ă remarquer que je dis de notre raison, et non point de notre imagination ni de nos sens : comme encore que nous voyions le soleil trĂšs clairement, nous ne devons pas juger pour cela quâil ne soit que de la grandeur que nous le voyons ; et nous pouvons bien imaginer distinctement une tĂȘte de lion entĂ©e sur le corps dâune chĂšvre, sans quâil faille conclure pour cela quâil y ait au monde une chimĂšre :
or it is not a dictate of Reason that what we thus see or imagine is in reality existent; but it plainly tells us that all our ideas or notions contain in them some truth; for otherwise it could not be that God, who is wholly perfect and veracious, should have placed them in us.
car la raison ne nous dicte point que ce que nous voyons ou imaginons ainsi soit véritable ; mais elle nous dicte bien que toutes nos idées ou notions doivent avoir quelque fondement de vérité ; car il ne seroit pas possible que Dieu, qui est tout parfait et tout véritable, les eût mises en nous sans cela ;
And because our reasonings are never so clear or so complete during sleep as when we are awake, although sometimes the acts of our imagination are then as lively and distinct, if not more so than in our waking moments, Reason further dictates that, since all our thoughts cannot be true because of our partial imperfection, those possessing truth must infallibly be found in the experience of our waking moments rather than in that of our dreams.
et, pourceque nos raisonnements ne sont jamais si Ă©vidents ni si entiers pendant le sommeil que pendant la veille, bien que quelquefois nos imaginations soient alors autant ou plus vives et expresses, elle nous dicte aussi que nos pensĂ©es ne pouvant ĂȘtre toutes vraies, Ă cause que nous ne sommes pas tout parfaits, ce quâelles ont de vĂ©ritĂ© doit infailliblement se rencontrer en celles que nous avons Ă©tant Ă©veillĂ©s plutĂŽt quâen nos songes.
Part V
CinquiĂšme partie
I would here willingly have proceeded to exhibit the whole chain of truths which I deduced from these primary; but as with a view to this it would have been necessary now to treat of many questions in dispute among the learned, with whom I do not wish to be embroiled, I believe that it will be better for me to refrain from this exposition, and only mention in general what these truths are, that the more judicious may be able to determine whether a more special account of them would conduce to the public advantage.
Je serois bien aise de poursuivre, et de faire voir ici toute la chaĂźne des autres vĂ©ritĂ©s que jâai dĂ©duites de ces premiĂšres ; mais, Ă cause que pour cet effet il seroit maintenant besoin que je parlasse de plusieurs questions qui sont en controverse entre les doctes, avec lesquels je ne dĂ©sire point me brouiller, je crois quâil sera mieux que je mâen abstienne, et que je dise seulement en gĂ©nĂ©ral quelles elles sont, afin de laisser juger aux plus sages sâil seroit utile que le public en fĂ»t plus particuliĂšrement informĂ©.
I have ever remained firm in my original resolution to suppose no other principle than that of which I have recently availed myself in demonstrating the existence of God and of the soul, and to accept as true nothing that did not appear to me more clear and certain than the demonstrations of the geometers had formerly appeared;
Je suis toujours demeurĂ© ferme en la rĂ©solution que jâavois prise de ne supposer aucun autre principe que celui dont je viens de me servir pour dĂ©montrer lâexistence de Dieu et de lâĂąme, et de ne recevoir aucune chose pour vraie qui ne me semblĂąt plus claire et plus certaine que nâavoient fait auparavant les dĂ©monstrations des gĂ©omĂštres ;
and yet I venture to state that not only have I found means to satisfy myself in a short time on all the principal difficulties which are usually treated of in Philosophy, but I have also observed certain laws established in nature by God in such a manner, and of which he has impressed on our minds such notions, that after we have reflected sufficiently upon these, we cannot doubt that they are accurately observed in all that exists or takes place in the world:
et nĂ©anmoins jâose dire que non seulement jâai trouvĂ© moyen de me satisfaire en peu de temps touchant toutes les principales difficultĂ©s dont on a coutume de traiter en la philosophie, mais aussi que jâai remarquĂ© certaines lois que Dieu a tellement Ă©tablies en la nature, et dont il a imprimĂ© de telles notions en nos Ăąmes, quâaprĂšs y avoir fait assez de rĂ©flexion nous ne saurions douter quâelles ne soient exactement observĂ©es en tout ce qui est ou qui se fait dans le monde.
and farther, by considering the concatenation of these laws, it appears to me that I have discovered many truths more useful and more important than all I had before learned, or even had expected to learn.
Puis, en considĂ©rant la suite de ces lois, il me semble avoir dĂ©couvert plusieurs vĂ©ritĂ©s plus utiles et plus importantes que tout ce que jâavois appris auparavant ou mĂȘme espĂ©rĂ© dâapprendre.
But because I have essayed to expound the chief of these discoveries in a Treatise which certain considerations prevent me from publishing, I cannot make the results known more conveniently than by here giving a summary of the contents of this Treatise.
Mais, pourceque jâai tĂąchĂ© dâen expliquer les principales dans un traitĂ© que quelques considĂ©rations mâempĂȘchent de publier, je ne les saurois mieux faire connoĂźtre quâen disant ici sommairement ce quâil contient.
It was my design to comprise in it all that, before I set myself to write it, I thought I knew of the nature of material objects.
Jâai eu dessein dây comprendre tout ce que je pensois savoir, avant que de lâĂ©crire, touchant la nature des choses matĂ©rielles.
Đ ŃĐșĐ»Đ°ĐŒĐ°